Chapter 32: Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Microscopic structure of ovaries
A
- Ovarian follicles
- Ovum
1
Q
Cavities of the uterus are small because of the ?
A
thickness of the uterine walls
1
Q
This is part of the reproductive tract and permits sperm to ascend toward the uterine tubes
A
The uterus or womb
1
Q
Breast size is determined by the amount of fat around __________ _________ (Figure 32-16)
A
glandular tissue
2
Q
Location of what?
Nodular glands located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes (Figure 32-3)
A
OVARIES
2
Q
Each uterine tube has three divisions:
A
- isthmus,
- ampulla
- infundibulum (contain fimbriae that collect the ovum)
3
Q
fyi
The body cavity’s apex constitutes the internal os and opens into the cervical canal, which is constricted at its lower end and forms the external os that opens into the vagina
A
fyi
4
Q
If conception occurs, an offspring implants and develops in the ?
A
uterus
4
Q
Function of what?
- make the uterus suitable for implantation of a new offspring
- Cyclical nature of the reproductive system and the fact that fertilization occurs within 24 hours after ovulation mean that a woman is fertile only a few days of each month
A
menstrual cycle
5
Q
Menstrual flow begins at puberty; menstrual cycle continues for about ____decades
A
three
6
Q
Cyclical changes in the uterus are caused by changes in __________ & _____________(Figure 32-14)
A
estrogens and progesterone
7
Q
OVARIAN CYCLE
Cells of ruptured follicle become the_______ _______ and secretes progesterone. Produces progesterone for 7-8 days and then stops unless fertilization takes place
A
corpus luteum
8
Q
The cyclical release
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
A
Gonadotropic Cycle
9
Q
between ovulation and onset of menses characterized by progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum
A
Premenstrual phase
10
Q
rupture of the mature follicle with release of its ovum into the pelvic cavity (occurs 14 days prior to the end of the cycle)
A
Ovulation
10
Q
The function of mammary glands is ___________
A
lactation
11
Q
Menstrual cycle (endometrial cycle) is typically a 28 day cycle and is divided into what four phases:
A
- Menses
- Postmenstrual phase
- Ovulation
- Premenstrual phase
12
Q
- Internal genitals:
- External genitals
- mammary glands
accessory or essential?
A
Accessory organs
13
Q
Structure of what?
- a collapsible tube capable of distention, composed of smooth muscle, and lined with mucous membrane arranged in rugae
- The cervix protrudes into its uppermost portion
- Hymen: a mucous membrane that typically forms a border around the vagina in young premenstrual girls
A
VAGINA
14
Q
Reproductive organs are classified as
A
- essential
- accessory
15
Q
A tubular organ located between the rectum, urethra, and bladder
A
VAGINA
15
Q
Prolactin (secreted from anterior pituitary gland) stimulates___________.
A
** lactation**
16
Q
If conception does not occur, outer layers of ______________are shed during menstruation—a cyclical event that allows it to renew itself
A
endometrium
16
Q
Ovarian cycle’s primary function is to produce _______ at regular intervals
A
ova
16
Lactation can provide nutrient-rich milk to offspring for up to several years from birth; advantages include:
* Nutrients
* Passive immunity from antibodies present in the colostrum and milk
* Emotional bonding between mother and child
17
Structure of what?
(pudendum; the female external genitals): mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, vaginal orifice, and greater vestibular glands (Figure 32-9)
VULVA
19
Functions of what?
* To produce offspring and thereby ensure continuity of the genetic code
* To produce eggs, or female gametes, each of which has the potential to unite with a male gamete to form the first cell of an offspring
* To provide nutrition and protection to the offspring for up to several years after conception
female reproductive system
21
Objectives
Identify key components of the male and female reproductive systems.
fyi
21
Structure of what
* consist of mucous lining with cilia, smooth muscle, and serous lining (Figure 32-7)
* Mucosal lining is directly continuous with the peritoneum lining the pelvic cavity
* Tubal mucosa is continuous with that of the vagina and uterus, which means it may become infected with organisms introduced into the vagina
Uterine tubes
21
23
* uterine tubes
* uterus
* vagina
* ducts or duct structures that extend from the ovaries to the exterior
interanal or external
Internal genitals:
23
contain the developing female sex cells or **oocytes**
Ovarian follicles
24
between menses and ovulation, characterized by increased estrogen secretion and proliferation of endometrial cells
Postmenstrual phase
26
Uterine tubes are also called
**fallopian tubes**
**or**
**oviducts**
28
location of what?
* Located in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum (Figure 32-1)
* Position of the this is altered by age, pregnancy, and distention of related pelvic viscera (Figure 32-6)
* This descends, between birth and puberty, from the lower abdomen to the true pelvis
* This begins to decrease in size at menopause
UTERUS
29
* **gonads are the paired ovaries**
* **gametes are ova produced by the ovaries**
* **ovaries are also internal genitals**
essential or accessory
**Essential organs**
31
* Rupture ovarian follicle
* Release fluid and ovum
* Ovum moves into uterine tube: may draw in sperm cell
Ovulation
32
Cyclical changes in the ovaries result from changes in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_secreted by the pituitary gland (Figures 32-12 and 32-13)
gonadotropins
34
a mature oocyte released from the ovary during ovulation
Ovum
35
Mechanism of lactation (Figure 32-18)
* The ________ hormones make the breasts structurally ready to produce milk
ovarian
36
Control of cyclical changes in gonadotropin secretion is caused by positive and negative feedback mechanisms and involves estrogens, progesterone, and secretion of releasing hormones by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**hypothalamus**
37
Wall of the uterus is composed of what three layers?
1. the inner endometrium (mucous membrane),
2. the middle myometrium (smooth muscle),
3. the perimetrium (outer incomplete layer of parietal peritoneum)
38
The embryo is supplied with nutrients by endometrial glands until the production of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
this is an organ that permits the exchange of materials between the mother’s blood and the fetal blood but keeps the two circulations separate
**The placenta**
39
Functions of what?
* Mons pubis (skin covered fat pad) and labia protect the clitoris and vestibule
* Clitoris contains sensory receptors that send information to the sexual response area of the brain (Figure 32-10)
* Vaginal orifice is the boundary between the internal and external genitals
* Greater vestibular glands secrete lubricating fluid
VULVA
40
* Skin covered region between the **vaginal orifice and the rectum**
* Extends from **pubic symphysis to the coccyx**. Lateral borders are the **ischial tuberosities**
* Split into the **urogenital triangle** and the **anal triangle**
* Danger of being torn during childbirth
Perineum
41
OVARIAN CYCLE
## Footnote
At the beginning of menstruation each month, several **oocytes resume meiosis**; the primary follicles matures then migrates to the surface of the ovary;
The ovum is released.
This unfinished meiotic cell is what is released in ovulation ( on or around day 14 of the menstrual cycle).
Meiosis is completed only if fertilization occurs with a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
sperm.
43
describing?
* Body lies flexed over the bladder
* Cervix points downward and backward, joining the vagina at a right angle
* Several ligaments hold the this in place but allow some movement (broad and round ligaments)
uterus
44
Alveoli of the ___________ gland produce milk, and a system of ducts carries it to the nipple, surrounded by an areola (Figure 32-17)
mammary
45
THE BIG PICTURE: THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND THE WHOLE BODY
* Reproductive system imparts immortality to genes and ensures survival of the species
* Relation of the female reproductive system with other body systems
* Close proximity to the urinary system; share a common structure: the vulva
* Anatomical relation with the skeletal muscles in the perineum
* Breasts are modifications of the skin in the integumentary system
47
OVARIAN CYCLE
## Footnote
At birth\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contain an oocyte in which the meiotic process has been suspended
primary follicles
48
(approx. 1st five days of cycle) – endometrial wall of the uterus sloughs off
Menses
49
* contracts mildly but with increasing frequency during the 2 weeks prior to ovulation.
* Contractions decrease or disappear after ovulation in order to lessen the probability of losing the fertilized egg
Myometrial Cycle
50
Uterine arteries supply blood to the?
uterus
51
Function of what?
Produce the female gamete, the ova (oogenesis) (Figure 32-5)
* Ovulation
* Produce estrogen and progesterone
Ovary Function
52
the vulva
external or internal
External genitals
54
Function of what?
serve as transport channels for ova from the ovary to the uterus and as the site of fertilization (Figure 32-8)
UTERINE TUBES
55
Mechanism of lactation (Figure 32-18)
Shedding of the placenta results in a _________ of estrogens and thus stimulates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
decrease, prolactin
56
failure to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse
* Causes are varied and can involve either or both partners
* drugs and other assisted reproductive procedures such as in vitro fertilization are available
Infertility
58
Hormones control
cyclical changes
59
Additional hormones also support lactation (Table 32-2) such as:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (secreted from posterior pituitary gland)
Oxytocin
60
these Help regulate reproduction function of female
**estrogen and progesterone**
61
Low levels of **follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone** cause regression of the
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** if pregnancy does not occur; this causes a decrease in estrogen and progesterone, which triggers **endometria**l sloughing of the menstrual phase
corpus luteum
62
the ovarian cycle's Secondary function is to ___________ the menstrual cycle through estrogen and progesterone
regulate
64
Estrogens and progesterone control breast \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
development
65
Functions of what?
* The lining lubricates and stimulates the penis during sexual intercourse and acts as a receptacle for semen
* the lower portion of the birth canal
* **transports tissue and blood shed during menstruation outside the body**
vagina
66
this occurs during labor and helps push the offspring out of the mother’s body
Myometrial contractions
67
The breasts lie over the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_muscles
pectoral
68
These are attached to the uterus at its upper outer angles and extend upward and outward toward the sides of the pelvis
Uterine tubes
69
The female reproductive system has many cyclical, recurring changes that start with the beginning of menses: name them (4)
* Ovarian cycle
* Endometrial or Menstrual cycle
* Myometrial cycle
* Gonadotropic cycle
70
Size and shape of the what?
pear shaped and has **two main parts:**
* **the cervix** (narrow lower portion)
* the body (wide upper portion)
* upper part of the body **called the fundus**
uterus
