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BIOLOGY 2ND SEMESTER > Chapter 31: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 31: Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Objectives:

  • Discuss the components and functions of the urinary system.
  • Discuss the role the kidneys play in homeostasis of water and electrolytes. Correlate this with the cardiovascular system.
A

fyi

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2
Q

The urinary system

It Processes incoming blood plasma in ways that allow it to leave the kidney in better condition

what 3 things does it adjust?

A
  • Adjusts water content
  • Adjusts blood plasma ions (sodium & potassium)
  • Adjusts blood pH
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3
Q

red

function of what?

to process blood and form urine as waste (empties into ureters)

A

Kidney

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4
Q

Shape, size, and location

  • Roughly oval with a medial indentation
  • Approximately 11 cm × 7 cm × 3 cm
  • Left kidney often larger than the right; right located a little lower
  • Both kidneys located in a retroperitoneal position
  • Lie on either side of the vertebral column between T12 and L3
  • Superior poles of both kidneys extend above the level of the twelfth rib and the above lower edge of the thoracic parietal pleura

This is the structure of what

A

Kidney- Gross structure (Figure 31-1)

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5
Q

Structure: collapsible bag located behind the pubic symphysis made mostly of crisscrossing smooth muscle tissue.

A

Urinary bladder (Figures 31-5 and 31-6)

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6
Q 
_Urinary bladder (Figures 31-5 and 31-6)_
 collapsible bag located behind the pubic symphysis made mostly of crisscrossing smooth muscle tissue.

what is the name of this muscle?

A

detrusor muscle

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7
Q

What are these the functions of?

  • Reservoir for urine before it leaves the body
  • Aided by the urethra, it expels urine from the body
A

Urinary bladder (Figures 31-5 and 31-6)

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8
Q

Small mucous membrane–lined tube extending from the trigone (part of the bladder) to the exterior of the body

A

Urethra

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9
Q

In females where does the urethra lie?

A

it lies posterior to the pubic symphysis and anterior to the vagina. It is approximately 3 cm long (Figure 31-4).

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10
Q

In males where does the urethra lie?

A

after leaving the bladder, it passes through the prostate gland where it is joined by two ejaculatory ducts from the prostate. It extends to the base of the penis, then through the center of the penis, ending as the urinary meatus. It is approximately 20 cm long and is part of both the urinary and reproductive systems.

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11
Q

Mechanism for voiding the bladder

A

urination or micturition

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12
Q

red

what is it describing below?

  • As bladder volume increases, involuntary micturition contractions (of detrusor muscle) increase and the internal urethral sphincter muscles relaxes (Figure 31-5). This combination of muscle contraction and relaxation forces the urine out.
  • The external urethral sphincter muscles (including the levator ani) can be voluntarily contracted to stop urine until urination is appropriate. They are consciously relaxed when you are ready to release urine. Voluntary control of urination is made possible by nerves supplying the pelvic floor.
A

urination

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13
Q

the microscopic functional units that comprise the bulk of the kidney. Each one is made of two regions (renal corpuscle and renal tubule) and connects to a shared collecting duct (Figure 31-10)

A

Nephrons

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14
Q

Each nephron is made of what two regions

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • renal tubule
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15
Q

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regiion of the nephron that Filters fluid out of the blood

A

Renal corpuscle

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16
Q

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regiion of the nephron that Either returns filtrate to blood or passes it on to be eventually secreted as urine. Primary function is reabsorption

A

Renal tubule

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17
Q

red

This corpuscle Is made of the glomerulus tucked inside a Bowman capsule (Figures 28-11 to 28-13); located within the cortex of the kidney

A

Renal

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18
Q

This is where the renal corpuscle in tucked inside:

cup-shaped mouth of the nephron that collects filtrate from the glomerular capillaries

A

Bowman capsule

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19
Q

what is being described below?

  • Formed by parietal and visceral walls with a space between them (like a fist inside a balloon)(Figures 31-11)
  • The outer layer is not involved in filtration.
  • The inner layer contains filtration slits within connective tissue. The connective tissue acts as a diaphragm and controls the size of the opening, therefore preventing large molecules (proteins) from escaping.
A

Bowman capsule

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20
Q

network of fine capillaries surrounded by Bowman capsule

A

Glomerulus

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21
Q

RENAL CORPUSCLE /Glomerulus

pores in capillary walls that permit filtration to the inner layer of the Bowman’s capsule (not found in other capillaries)

A

Fenestrations

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22
Q

red

the renal corpuscle’s Basement membrane lies between what two structures?

A
  • glomerulus
  • Bowman capsule
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23
Q

red

formed by glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and the visceral layer of Bowman capsule; the function is filtration

A

Glomerular capsular filtration membrane (figure 31-15)

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24
Q

red

*One of the 2 principle parts of the nephron.
-It is a winding or convoluted tube that receives filtrate from the Bowman’s capsule and transports it to the collecting duct.

A

Renal tubule

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25
Q

Renal tubule

During transportation, some of its filtrate is __________ Additional substances are also added to the remaining filtrate in the process of urine formation.
Along with other tubules, it joins a common collecting duct

A

reabsorbed. (this one word was red)

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26
Q

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3 PARTS OF THE RENAL TUBULE (figure 31-10)

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Henle loop
  • Distal convoluted tubule
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27
Q

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first part of the renal tubule nearest to Bowman capsule; follows a winding, convoluted course

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

28
Q

red

  • Renal tubule segment just beyond the proximal tubule
  • Consists of a thin descending limb, a sharp turn, and an ascending limb; ascending limb made of thin ascending limb followed by thick ascending limb
A

Henle loop

29
Q

red

  • convoluted tubule beyond the Henle loop
  • Along with other distal tubules, it joins a common collecting duct
A

Distal convoluted tubule

30
Q

Straight duct made up of the renal tubules of several nephrons.
_____________of one renal pyramid converge to form one tube that opens at a renal papilla into a minor calyx (Figure 31-16)

A

COLLECTING DUCT

31
Q

Blood supply of the nephron (Figure 28-17)

A
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Efferent arteriole
32
Q

red

Blood supply of the nephron (Figure 28-17)

-enters glomerular capillary network

A

Afferent arteriole

33
Q

red

Blood supply of the nephron (Figure 28-17) that

leaves glomerulus enters a capillary network that runs alongside the renal tubule called the peritubular blood supply

A

Efferent arteriole

34
Q

red

Efferent arteriole

Some of this blood supply follows into the nephron loop, these vessels are called the ____________. Because these vessels are in close proximity to the nephron, it allows for efficient transferring of substances to and from the blood.

A

-vasae rectae

35
Q

red

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron; it forms urine by three processes (Figure 31-18)?

A

red

  1. Filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
36
Q

movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman capsule

A

Filtration

37
Q

movement of molecules out of the tubule and into peritubular blood. It is the second step in urine formation and occurs as a result of passive and active transport mechanisms from all parts of the renal tubules. The major portion of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules (Figure 31-18).

A

Tubular reabsorption

38
Q

movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion.

: the movement of substances out of the blood and into tubular fluid, becomes part of the urine

A

Tubular secretion

39
Q

red

Most water and solutes are recovered by the blood, leaving only a small volume of tubule fluid left to move on

A

Reabsorption

40
Q

red

actively transported (requires energy) out of tubule fluid and into blood (Figure 31-21)

A

Sodium

41
Q

fyi red

Proximal tubule drains Bowman’s capsule and is where almost complete absorption of nutritionally important substances takes place.

A

fyi

42
Q

passively transported out of tubule

A

Glucose and amino acids

43
Q

ions passively move into blood

A

Chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate

44
Q

movement of sodium and chloride into blood causes an osmotic imbalance, moving water passively into blood

A

Water

45
Q

approximately half of urea passively moves out of the tubule, with the remaining urea moves on to the Henle loop

A

Urea

46
Q

This area reabsorbs water and ions from the urine and plays a role in controlling the concentration of urine

A

HENLE LOOP

47
Q

HENLE LOOP

  • Water is reabsorbed from the tubule fluid in the descending limb
  • Sodium and chloride are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ascending limb, where the reabsorption of salt makes the tubule fluid dilute
A

Reabsorption

48
Q

HENLE LOOP

Descending limb of the Henle loop secretes urea by diffusion

A

Secretion

49
Q

These areas regulate potassium, sodium and pH. Further dilution of urine takes place here.

A

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE & COLLECTING DUCT

50
Q

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE & COLLECTING DUCT

Sodium by active transport but in smaller amounts than in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption

51
Q

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE & COLLECTING DUCT

2 Hormones help initiate action reabsorption

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
52
Q

hormone that targets the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells and causes increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump. It also increases the reabsorption of water into the kidney tubules.

A

Aldosterone

53
Q

is secreted by the posterior pituitary and targets the cells of distal tubules and collecting ducts to make them reabsorb water (Figure 31-26)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

54
Q

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE & COLLECTING DUCT Continued

-Secretion

A
  • Potassium,
  • hydrogen
  • ammonium ions
55
Q

red

Regulation of urine volume (Figure 31-27)

what 3 hormones

A

ADH

Aldosterone

Atrial natriuretic hormone

56
Q

what hormore influences water reabsorption by reducing water loss

A

ADH

57
Q

what hormore increases distal tubule absorption of sodium, thereby raising the sodium concentration of blood and thus promoting reabsorption of water

A

Aldosterone

58
Q

what hormone is secreted by atrial muscle fibers, promotes loss of sodium by urine; opposes aldosterone, thus causing the kidneys to reabsorb less water and thereby produce more urine

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

59
Q

****approximately 95% water with several substances dissolved in it; most important include:

  • Nitrogenous wastes:
  • Electrolytes:
  • Toxins:
  • Pigments
  • Hormones:
  • Abnormal constituents (e.g., blood, glucose, albumin, casts, calculi)
A

Urine composition

60
Q

result of protein metabolism; include urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine

A

Nitrogenous wastes:

61
Q

mainly the following ions: sodium, potassium, ammonium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate; amounts and kinds of minerals vary with diet and other factors

A

Electrolytes

62
Q

during disease, bacterial poisons leave the body in urine

A

Toxins

63
Q

fyi

high hormone levels may spill into the filtrate in urine composition

A

fyi

64
Q

Abnormal constituents

A

(e.g., blood, glucose, albumin, casts, calculi)

65
Q

THE BIG PICTURE: URINARY SYSTEM AND THE WHOLE BODY

A
  • Homeostasis of water and electrolytes in body fluids relies on proper functioning of the kidneys; nephrons process blood to adjust its content to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
  • The Urinary system secretion refers to the movement of substances from the bloodstream to the tubule of the nephron.
  • Urinary and cardiovascular systems are interdependent
  • Endocrine and nervous systems must operate properly to ensure efficient kidney function
  • *-The medullary region of the kidney contains the nephrons, interlobular arteries, and the renal pyramids.**
66
Q
A

BIOLOGY 2ND SEMESTER (21 decks)

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