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BIOLOGY 2ND SEMESTER > Chapter 24 IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

Chapter 24 IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

Objectives:

List and describe key elements of the immune system.

A

fyi

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2
Q

The immune system protects against assaults on the body

External assaults include microorganisms such as?

A

protozoan, bacteria, and viruses

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3
Q

The immune system protects against assaults on the body

Internal assaults are?

A

abnormal cells that reproduce and form tumors that may become cancerous and spread

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4
Q

ORGANIZATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Identifiers of cells and other particles

A

Markers or antigens

Self-markers

Non–self-markers

Self-tolerance

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5
Q

these are unique molecules recognized by the immune system. _________ or ________ identify the cell, virus or particle to the immune system.

A

Markers or antigens

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6
Q

molecules on the surface of cells that are unique to an individual, thus identifying the cell as “self” to the immune system

A

Self-markers

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7
Q

molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells or particles that identify the particle as “non-self” to the immune system

A

Non–self-markers

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8
Q

the ability of the immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare normal cells

A

Self-tolerance

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9
Q

Two major categories of immune mechanisms

(Figure 24-1; Table 24-1)

A

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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10
Q

Present naturally at birth, provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is “not self”

A

Innate immunity

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11
Q

acts as a specific defense against specific threatening agents. Takes more time to identify and overcome targets than innate immunity

A

Adaptive immunity

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12
Q
  1. epithelial barrier cells
  2. phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells)
  3. natural killer cells
A

Primary cells for innate immunity:

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13
Q

lymphocytes called T cells and B cells are Primary types of cells for what ?

A

adaptive immunity:

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14
Q

any of several kinds of chemicals released by cells to trigger innate and adaptive immune responses (e.g., interleukin, interferon, leukotriene)

A

Cytokines

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15
Q

Other chemicals also play ____________ roles in immunity (e.g., complement, other enzymes, histamine)

A

regulatory

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16
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY

genetic characteristics of an organism or species that defend against pathogens (Table 24-2)

A

Species resistance

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17
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY

Mechanical and chemical barriers (Figure 24-2)

  • Internal environment of the body is protected by a barrier composed of the skin and mucous membranes
  • Skin and mucous membranes provide additional immune mechanisms: sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach
A

First Line of Defense

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18
Q

2ND LINE OF DEFENSE (FIG 24-3)

A

Inflammatory response

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19
Q
  • tissue damage elicits responses to counteract injury and promote normalcy
  • Damaged tissue triggers inflammation mediators to be released
A

Inflammatory response

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20
Q

2 ways mediators reach the damage site

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Diapedesis
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21
Q

Movement of cells to the affected area which is directed by chemical attraction(Figure 24-6)

A

Chemotaxis

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22
Q

process by which immune cells squeeze through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury or infection (Figure 24-5)

A

Diapedesis

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23
Q

Other factors released by mediators produce the characteristic signs of inflammation

A
  • heat
  • redness
  • pain
  • swelling (result of increased blood flow and vascular permeability)
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24
Q

occurs from a body wide inflammatory response

A

Systemic inflammation

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25
Q

abnormally high temperature triggered by inflammation mediators

  • Triggered in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and events such as viral infections, tumors, allergies
  • Damaged tissues release molecules into the body that promote prostaglandin (PG) production; PGs then reset the hypothalamic “thermostat” to a higher temperature
  • Aspirin and other COX inhibitors interfere with PG production thus reducing fever
  • it is believed to increase immune function and inhibit pathogens
A

Fever

26
Q

ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles ? (Figure 24-7)

These ingest microorganisms. Once in the interior of the cell, they are broken down (attacked) by lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes and hydrogen peroxide

this is part of both innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, once the offending particle is ingested and broken down, parts of the particle are displayed on the cells surface as an antigen. This antigen triggers an adaptive immune response.

A

Phagocytosis

27
Q

Neutrophil

Macrophage

Dendritic cell

A

Phagocytes (Table 24-3)

28
Q

most numerous phagocyte; usually first to arrive at site of injury; migrates out of bloodstream during diapedesis; forms pus

A

Neutrophil

29
Q

large phagocytic cells

A

Macrophage

30
Q

type of phagocytic antigen-presenting cell with long branches or extensions (Figure 24-8)

A

Dendritic cell

31
Q

3rd LINE OF DEFENSE- what kind of cells?

A

natural killer cells, T & B Cells

32
Q

lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses; they do not require activation by a foreign antigen (Figure 24-9 pg 753)

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

33
Q

more about NK cells

A
  • Method of killing cells: lysing cells by damaging plasma membranes.
  • NK cells are 1°innaate immun. Cells along with chemical/mechanical barries and phagocytes
34
Q
  • 1st line of defense, is the barriers
  • Something enters them, they trigger a response
  • Cardinal signs occur and defense cells are called into battle
  • Begin killing the “bad” cells and try to get rid of them.
  • Inflammation, fever, phagocytosis
A

Innate Immunity

35
Q

Adaptive immunity is____________ immunity because it targets specific antigens on offending targets.

A

specific

36
Q

This third line of defense is carried out by two classes of lymphocytes (white blood cells):

A

B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells), along with the natural killer cells.

37
Q

Do not attack pathogens, instead they recognize specific antigens and produce specific antibodies that attack or direct other cells (phagocytes) to attack the pathogen = antibody-mediated

A

_B cells _

38
Q

Recognize antigens on a cells surface and attacks these infected or abnormal cells more directly = cellular immunity

A

T cells

39
Q

Both B & T cells come from common stem cells, however they differ in where they ?

A

mature.

40
Q

During fetal life and early childhood, some immature lymphocytes migrate through the blood stream to the thymus. Here they mature to what?.

A

T Cells

41
Q

These cells don’t get “thymic education.” They mature in the bone marrow.

A

B Cells

42
Q

OVERVIEW OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  • Lymphocytes (B and T cells) pour into blood flow & take up residency in lymphocyte colonies in peripheral lymphoid tissue. They are densest where they develop—in bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen
  • They flow through the bloodstream, become distributed in tissues, and return to the bloodstream in a continuous recirculation.
  • This recirculation and widespread distribution of lymphocytes, provides these immune cells ample opportunity to perform their functions of searching out, recognizing, and destroying foreign invaders.
A

fyi

43
Q

OVERVIEW OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

more

  • Lymphocytes specifically recognize and respond to a foreign agent or a cancer cell.
  • _When they are appropriately stimulated, they undergo cell division and produce new generations of T and B cells (Clones). _
  • Although B & T cells are mostly located in lymphoid tissue, we always have them circulating in the lymph, blood and body tissue where they remain on constant surveillance.
  • Clonal expansion and differentiation occur during activation phase
A

fyi

44
Q
  • Have surface receptors that bind with a particular type of antigen. (Figure 24-16 pg 759)
  • Once it binds with an antigen it is activated and differentiates (clones) into a plasma cell.
  • This plasma cells produces antibodies (up to 2000 per day).
  • The antibodies are secreted into blood or lymph where they are known as immunoglobulins
A

B cells

45
Q
  1. IgM: antibody that naive B cells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes; the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen
  2. IgG: When the body is exposed to the antigen again, this antibody is produced. Seen with bacterial and viral invaders
  3. IgE: Helps to protect against parasitic worms and is the antibody mediator for hay fever, asthma & hives
  4. IgA: Found in secretions of the digestive, respiratory and genitourinary systems, milk & tears
  5. IgD: Function is uncertain
A

There are 5 classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies) that fight unwanted cells:

46
Q

What Happens When Antigens & Antibodies Bind

there are 5 Primary Responses

A
  • Neutralization:
  • Facilitation of phagocytosis
  • Activates the complement cascade.
  • cytolysis (rupture)
  • Apoptosis-
47
Q

part of the Primary Response

this Physically hinders a toxic antigen into a harmless substance that can no longer harm a susceptible cell.

A

Neutralization

48
Q

part of the Primary Response

what is being activated?

Binding with an antigen can open up more binding sites on the antibody & a cascade of enzymatic reactions occurs that leads to:

A

Activates the complement cascade

49
Q

Activating the complement cascade leads to…

Destruction of the cells membrane by

A

cytolysis (rupture)

50
Q

Activating the complement cascade leads to

programmed cell death,

which is fragmenting the cell and destroying it little by little with phagocytosis. It is called….

A

Apoptosis

51
Q
  • B cells also produce memory cells.
  • Memory cells don’t get involved in immune attack, but they provide memory of the particular antigen. If an unwanted cell later displays that antigen, these memory cells are ready to react immediately to the invader.
  • This is the reason we don’t continue to get sick over and over again.
A

What Happens When Antigens & Antibodies Bind

Secondary Response (Fig 24-20)

52
Q

_The primary immune response takes more time to develop, whereas the secondary immune response (the next time you are exposed) is swift due to what ____________?_

A

memory cells.

53
Q

Clonal selection is an important concept in innate immunity.

From book: Theory of immunity states that each specific antigen activates or selects a previously produced clone of lymphocytes. The clone is selected because it is specifically targeted at the selecting antigen. The clone, when thus activated, produces effector cells that attack the antigen. It is the same principle for both B and T celss.

A

CLONAL SELECTION THEORY

54
Q
  • Defend against viral infections, invaders in the extracellular fluid and invaders that hide out inside of cells. Also, defend against cancer
  • They DO NOT secrete antibodies. Instead they make direct contact with their target.
  • Once they make contact and bind to their SPECIFIC antigen, they release chemicals (cytokines) that destroy the target cell.
  • Once that T cell has been activated, it begins producing other EFFECTOR T cells that are ready to destroy more foreign antigens
  • Like B cells, some T cells remain as memory cells, that are ready if the invader comes again
A

T CELLS AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (Fig. 24-25)

55
Q

Cytotoxic T cells(killer T cells)

Helper T cells

Suppressor T cells

A

Functions of T cells

56
Q

Destroy host cells that are infected by foreign invaders by apoptosis

A

Cytotoxic T cells(killer T cells)

57
Q

enhance the function of B cells, increasing their production of antibodies

A

Helper T cells

58
Q

Regulates, providing balance by suppressing B cell antibody production and Cytotoxic /________________production.

A

Suppressor T cells

59
Q
  • Stimulate antibody production against a specific pathogen.
  • When the vaccine is given, the body’s immune system detects a germ part and reacts just as it would when a new full blown infection occurs.
  • It begins making antibodies against the vaccine material. These antibodies remain in the body and are ready to react if an actual infectious organism attacks.
A

Vaccinations

60
Q

fyi

In a sense, the vaccine tricks the body into thinking it is under assault, and the immune system makes weapons that will provide a defense when a real infection becomes a threat.

A

fyi

61
Q

SUMMARY OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  • Adaptive immunity is specific immunity targeting specific antigens
  • Adaptive immunity involves two classes of lymphocyte: B cells and T cells (Figure 24-27)
  • B cells: antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
  • T cells: cell-mediated (cellular) immunity
  • Adaptive immunity occurs in a series of stages (Figure 24-28)
  • Recognition of antigen
  • Activation of lymphocytes (clonal expansion and differentiation)
  • Effector phase (immune attack and elimination of antigens)
  • Decline of antigen causes lymphocyte death (apoptosis)
  • Memory cells remain for later response if needed
  • B cells and T cells work together in a coordinated system of adaptive immunity (Figure 24-29)
A

fyi

BIOLOGY 2ND SEMESTER (21 decks)

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