Chapter 32

Question 1

Addison’s disease

Answer 1

—condition in which the cortex of the adrenal gland is damaged, decreasing the production of adrenocortical hormones, usually resulting from an autoimmune disorder but also caused by infection, cancer, or hemorrhage into the glands (32)

Question 2

Adrenal glands

Answer 2

—endocrine organs that secrete hormones; located on top of each kidney, consisting of the cortex and the medulla (32)

Question 3

Cardiomegaly

Answer 3

—enlargement of the heart (32)

Question 4

Cushing’s disease

Answer 4

—rare disorder that develops when too much cortisol is released by the adrenal cortex as a result of stimulation of the pituitary (32)

Question 5

diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

—condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin to properly control blood sugar levels by converting sugar and starches into energy (32)

Question 6

dwarfism

Answer 6

—condition characterized by shorter-than-normal skeletal growth (32)

Question 7

exophthalmos

Answer 7

—condition produced by hyperthyroidism in which the eyeballs protrude beyond their normal protective orbit because of swelling in the tissues behind them (32)

Question 8

Gestational diabetes

Answer 8

—condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin to properly control blood sugar levels by converting sugar and starches into energy, occurring during pregnancy and typically disappearing afterward, but occasionally precipitating ongoing type 2 diabetes (32)

Question 9

Gigantism

Answer 9

—condition in which excessive growth hormone is secreted during childhood, before the closure of the bone growth plates, causing overgrowth of the long bones, muscles, and organs; usually caused by a pituitary gland tumor (32)

Question 10

Goiter

Answer 10

—an enlarged thyroid gland, most commonly caused by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid (32)

Question 11

Graves’ disease

Answer 11

—the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disorder in which the antibodies produced by the immune system stimulate the thyroid to produce too much thyroxine (32)

Question 12

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 12

—autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid that causes hypothyroidism and goiter (32)

Question 13

hormones

Answer 13

—chemical transmitters that regulate different body functions including growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function (32)

Question 14

hyposecretion

Answer 14

—insufficient secretion of hormones (32)

Question 15

hypersecretion

Answer 15

—excessive secretion of hormones (32)

Question 16

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 16

—condition in which the thyroid produces excess amounts of hormones, potentially leading to exophthalmos, palpitations, atrial fibrillation, enlargement of the heart, and congestive heart failure (32)

Question 17

hypothyroidism

Answer 17

—condition in which the thyroid produces inadequate amounts of hormones, which can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) (32)

Question 18

Islets of Langerhans

Answer 18

—clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete glucagons, insulin, and somatostatin (32)

Question 19

Lipolysis

Answer 19

—destruction of fats (32)

Question 20

myxedema

Answer 20

—rare, life-threatening condition that results from long-term untreated hypothyroidism (32)

Question 21

negative feedback

Answer 21

—when the body responds to external stimuli by reversing the direction of change (32)

Question 22

parathyroid glands

Answer 22

—four glands around the dorsal and lower aspect of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH or parathormone) (32)

Question 23

pineal gland

Answer 23

—gland located in the brain at the posterior end of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin and serotonin (32)

Question 24

pituitary gland

Answer 24

—organ located near the base of the brain in a small depression of the sphenoid bone; regulates all other endocrine glands; also called master gland (32)

Question 25

positive feedback

Answer 25

—process of encouraging external or internal stimuli to continue, or even accelerate, in order to maintain homeostasis (32)

Question 26

Thymus gland

Answer 26

—lymphoid tissue located in the chest, in the anterior mediastinum, that manufactures infection-fighting T cells (32)

Question 27

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 27

—condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin to properly control blood sugar levels by converting sugar and starches into energy; typically diagnosed in children; also called type 1 diabetes or juvenile diabetes (32)

Question 28

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 28

—condition in which the body is unable to properly control blood sugar levels, resulting from insulin resistance combined with a relative insulin deficiency; often diagnosed later in life and having a very strong correlation with obesity; also called type 2 diabetes and adult-onset diabetes (32)

Question 29

Acromegaly

Answer 29

—hormonal disorder that results from the overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland, most commonly affecting middle-aged adults (32)