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Chapter Vocabulary > Chapter 30 > Flashcards

Chapter 30 Flashcards

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1
Q

appendix

A

appendix

small appendage attached to the cecum, which has no known function in humans

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2
Q

bolus

A

ball of food produced by chewing and saliva that can be swallowed

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3
Q

cecum

A

small pouch that forms the beginning of the large intestine

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4
Q

cementum

A

thin layer of bone that covers the dentin of the root of a tooth; provides protection and anchors the periodontal ligament

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5
Q

cholelithiasis

A

formation of gallstones

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6
Q

chyme

A

semiliquid form of food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine

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7
Q

cirrhosis

A

potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the liver is damaged, usually after years of inflammation, scarring, or fibrosis that replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver from working normally

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8
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the large intestine caused by many different disease processes, including infections, primary inflammatory disorders, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s colitis, lymphocytic and collagenous colitis, lack of blood flow, and history of radiation to the large bowel

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9
Q

colon

A

makes up the bulk of the large intestine and can be divided into the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

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10
Q

colorectal cancer

A

collective term for colon and rectal cancer

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11
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

a chronic disease of the intestines that primarily causes ulcerations in the lining of the small and large intestines but can affect the digestive system anywhere from the mouth to the anus; also called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

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12
Q

dentin

A

calcified, largely mineral tissue that forms the bulk of teeth

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13
Q

digestive enzymes

A

juices produced by cells and glands in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas that help digest food

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14
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation or infection of a diverticulum (a small pouch or sac in the wall of the colon) generally caused by stool lodging in diverticula, which can lead to swelling or rupture

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15
Q

diverticulosis

A

condition of having diverticula (small outpouchings in the large intestine), most typically in the sigmoid colon; increases with age because of the weakening of the colon walls

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16
Q

enamel

A

hardest and most compact part of the tooth, made up almost entirely of mineral; covers the exposed part of the crown

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17
Q

esophagus

A

collapsible tube about 10 inches long along which food is carried from the pharynx to the stomach

18
Q

gallbladder

A

membranous sac in which bile is stored and concentrated

19
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

condition in which the muscle at the superior portion of the stomach (the cardiac sphincter) does not close tightly or relaxes inappropriately, allowing gastric fluids and stomach contents into the esophagus and the throat

20
Q

gingivae

A

gums of the mouth

21
Q

hemorrhoid

A

dilated vein in the anus wall and sometimes around the rectum, usually caused by untreated constipation but occasionally associated with chronic diarrhea

22
Q

hernia

A

abnormal protrusion of an organ, or part of an organ, through the wall of the body cavity that contains it; the most common types of abdominal hernias are hiatal and inguinal

23
Q

hiatal hernia

A

condition in which the upper portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity through a weakened or enlarged esophageal hiatus (an opening in the diaphragm normally large enough to accommodate only the esophagus)

24
Q

inguinal hernia

A

condition in which tissue or part of the intestine pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall in the groin area, causing a bulge in the groin or scrotum

25
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

common intestinal condition characterized by abdominal pain and cramps, diarrhea or constipation or both, gas, bloating, nausea, and other symptoms

26
Q

large intestine

A

tube about 5 feet long extending from the ileocecal valve at the small intestine to the anus; made up of the cecum, appendix, colon, and rectum, which function to complete digestion and absorption

27
Q

liver

A

largest glandular organ that plays an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

28
Q

mastication

A

chewing

29
Q

oral cancer

A

cancer of the mouth, usually starting in the flat squamous cells that line it

30
Q

pancreas

A

elongated gland behind the stomach that secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine as well as the hormones insulin and glucagon, which raise and lower blood glucose levels

31
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

develops in the exocrine glands with vague symptoms that include pain in the abdomen or back, weight loss, bloating, diarrhea, and jaundice

32
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

condition in which a disruption occurs in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum

33
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary, wavelike, muscular contractions that move the bolus of food through the entire digestive system

34
Q

pharynx

A

musculomembranous tube about 5 inches long that extends from the base of the skull to the cervical spine and connects to the trachea and esophagus that serves as a passageway to the lungs for air and food to reach the stomach

35
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

condition in which a baby’s pylorus (the connection between the stomach and the duodenum) gradually swells and thickens, which interferes with food entering the intestine

36
Q

rectum

A

final portion of the large intestine that stores solid waste until it is expelled from the body through the anus

37
Q

salivary glands

A

glands in or near the mouth that produce saliva, which contains amylase, an enzyme that helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates

38
Q

small intestine

A

tube about 21 feet long extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the large intestine, made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, that functions in digestion and absorption of nutrients

39
Q

stomach

A

large, muscular, saclike organ that secretes hydrochloric acid and gastric juices that convert food into chyme

40
Q

stomach ulcer

A

condition in which the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) is damaged and the sensitive tissue underneath is exposed to stomach acid; also called peptic ulcer or gastric ulcer

41
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory condition of the colon

42
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix caused by a blockage of the inside of the appendix (the lumen)

Chapter Vocabulary (8 decks)

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