Chapter 28

Question 1

active immunity

Answer 1

introduction of immunity by infection or with a vaccine

Question 2

acquired active immunity

Answer 2

occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response

Question 3

adenoids

Answer 3

pharyngeal tonsils

Question 4

allergen

Answer 4

any substance capable of causing an allergic reaction

Question 5

allergy

Answer 5

hypersensitivity to a normally harmless substance

Question 6

anaphylaxis

Answer 6

extreme, often life-threatening response to an antigen or allergen; also called anaphylactic shock

Question 7

antibodies

Answer 7

specialized proteins that lock onto and have the ability to neutralize specific antigens

Question 8

antibody-mediated response

Answer 8

immune response in which B lymphocytes produce antibodies that seek out and destroy foreign antigens; also called humoral immunity

Question 9

antigen

Answer 9

foreign substance that invades the body

Question 10

artificially acquired active immunity

Answer 10

immunity that is induced by a vaccine

Question 11

autoimmune diseases

Answer 11

inflammatory reactions caused when the immune system produces antibodies that stick to the body’s own cells, resulting in damage to the body’s own cells and in the body attacking itself

Question 12

B lymphocytes

Answer 12

cells responsible for production of circulating antibodies that attack and destroy foreign antigens; see also antibody-mediated response

Question 13

cell-mediated response

Answer 13

immune response in which T lymphocytes directly bind with and destroy foreign antigens

Question 14

chemotherapy

Answer 14

use of chemicals, including drugs, to treat or control infections and diseases such as cancer

Question 15

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

Answer 15

immune system disorder of unknown origin that

causes depression, sleep disorders, and lack of energy

Question 16

complement

Answer 16

group of proteins activated by antibodies that assist in destroying bacteria, viruses, and infected cells

Question 17

cortex

Answer 17

in the lymph nodes, portion of node that is mainly populated by lymphocytes; in the kidney, outer layer, in which the arteries, veins, convoluted tubules, and glomerular capsules are found

Question 18

germinal centers

Answer 18

primary locations where B lymphocytes reproduce and proliferate

Question 19

immune response

Answer 19

series of immune system attacks on organisms and substances that invade the body systems and cause disease

Question 20

immune system

Answer 20

tissues, organs, and physiological processes that identify abnormal cells and foreign substances and defend against those that might be harmful

Question 21

immunosuppressants

Answer 21

medications that suppress the immune system

Question 22

infectious mononucleosis

Answer 22

a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, part of the herpes family, characterized by an increase in white blood cells that contain a single nucleus, and commonly found in young adults; also called mononucleosis, mono, or kissing disease

Question 23

innate immunity

Answer 23

immunity one is born with; also called natural immunity

Question 24

leukocytes

Answer 24

two types (phagocytes and lymphocytes) of larger blood cells that fight infection and thus contribute to homeostasis; also called white blood cells

Question 25

lymph

Answer 25

clear fluid that travels through the body’s arteries, circulating through the tissues to cleanse them and keep them firm, and then draining away through the lymphatic system

Question 26

lymphedema

Answer 26

condition resulting from an interruption of the normal lymphatic flow

Question 27

lymphocytes

Answer 27

white blood cells created in the bone marrow that allow the body to recognize organisms that have invaded it previously

Question 28

medulla

Answer 28

portion of the lymph node that is primarily made up of macrophages attached to reticular fibers; in the kidney, the middle portion, in which the renal pyramids are found

Question 29

metastasis

Answer 29

process in which cancer cells break away from the original tumor and travel to other areas of the body where they form new tumors

Question 30

neutrophils

Answer 30

most common type of phagocyte; primarily attack bacteria

Question 31

oncogenes

Answer 31

genes controlling cell growth and multiplication that are transformed into cancer cells by cancer-causing agents

Question 32

passive immunity

Answer 32

immunity acquired from an outside source, such as breast milk, that lasts for a short time

Question 33

phagocytes

Answer 33

several types of white blood cells that attack invading organisms

Question 34

radiation therapy

Answer 34

use of high-energy waves, such as X-rays, to damage and destroy cancer cells

Question 35

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Answer 35

autoimmune disorder causing joints to be deformed due to inflammation

Question 36

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Answer 36

systemic immune system disorder in which the body produces abnormal antibodies that attack its own tissues rather than foreign organisms

Question 37

T lymphocytes

Answer 37

cells that promote immunity by binding to antigens on the cells of a foreign substance; see also cell-mediated response

Question 38

thymus gland

Answer 38

lymphoid tissue located in the chest, in the anterior mediastinum, that manufactures infection-fighting T cells

Question 39

tonsils

Answer 39

lymphoid tissues in the pharynx, consisting of the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils

Question 40

vaccine

Answer 40

substance that contains the antigen and stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease