Chapter 32&33 Quiz questions/Practice problems

Question 1

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

Question 1 options:

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

heterotrophy

flagellated gametes

the structural carbohydrate, chitin

Answer 1

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

Question 2

The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis?

Question 2 options:

) the origin of a brain

changes in the homeobox genes controlling early development

artificial selection of sexually immature forms of insects

the evolution of meiosis

Answer 2

changes in the homeobox genes controlling early development

Question 3

Which of the following is a feature of the “tube-within-a-tube” body plan in most animal phyla?

Question 3 options:

The outer tube consists of a hard exoskeleton.

The outer tube consists of digestive organs.

The two “tubes” are separated by tissue that comes from embryonic endoderm.

The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.

Answer 3

The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.

Question 4

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?

Question 4 options:

It is triploblastic.

It has bilateral symmetry.

It possesses sensory structures at its anterior end.

Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

Answer 4

Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

Question 5

An organism that exhibits a head with sensory equipment and a brain probably also ________.

Question 5 options:

is bilaterally symmetrical

has a coelom

is diploblastic

is segmented

Answer 5

is bilaterally symmetrical

Question 6

Healthy corals are brightly colored because they ________.

Question 6 options:

host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments

build their skeletons from colorful minerals

secrete colorful pigments to protect themselves from ultraviolet light

secrete colorful pigments to attract mates

Answer 6

host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments

Question 7

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?

Question 7 options:

It has no coelom.

It is shaped like a worm.

It has a mouth and an anus.

It is a suspension feeder.

Answer 7

It has no coelom.

Question 8

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms?

Question 8 options:

a distinct head

dorsoventrally flattened bodies

a digestive system with a single opening

radial symmetry

Answer 8

a digestive system with a single opening

Question 9

Molecular studies have changed many of the phylogenetic relationships previously identified by morphological studies. These changes indicate that ________.

Question 9 options:

molecular and morphological studies rarely agree

molecular studies are less reliable than morphological studies

molecular studies are extremely time consuming and expensive and really don’t add additional information to our understanding of evolutionary history

molecular studies add additional information to morphological studies and improve our understanding of evolutionary history

Answer 9

molecular studies add additional information to morphological studies and improve our understanding of evolutionary history

Question 10

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that the adults of this species would also feature ________.

Question 10 options:

two pairs of antennae

an open circulatory system

a sessile lifestyle

eight legs

Answer 10

an open circulatory system

Question 11

Summarize the main stages of animal development. What family of control genes plays a major role?

Answer 11

Zygote undergoes cleavage, forming the blastula. Next, gastrulation occurs by one end of the embryo folding inward, making layers of embryonic tissues. The cells of these layers differentiate, and forms are then produced from there. Hox genes play a major role in the diversity of animals from this simple embryonic process

Question 12

Describe how body plans provide useful information yet should be interpreted cautiously as
evidence of evolutionary relationships

Answer 12

Body plans are a general way of comparing and contrasting features of organisms. However, there is genetic and phylogenetic evidence that say that body plans have arisen independently in different organisms via convergent evolution, and therefore can be misleading when determining relatedness.

Question 13

Consider clades: Bliateria, Lophotrochozoa, Metazoa, Chordata, Eumetazoa, Edysozoa,
Deuterostomia. List the clades to which humans belong in order from the most to the least inclusive clade.

Answer 13

Metazoa, Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Deuterostomia, Chordata

Question 14

Evaluate this claim: Ignoring the details of their specific anatomy, worms, humans, and most other triploblasts have a shape analogous to that of a donut.

Answer 14

Triploblastic body plans have 2 openings, a mouth and an anus, that run the length of their bodies in between other body layers. This gives rise to the analogy of the doughnut

Question 15

Describe the evidence that cnidarians share a more recent common ancestor with other animals than with sponges.

Answer 15

Cnidarians have tissues, while sponges do not. Sponges also lack body symmetry, while cnidarians have radial body symmetry that is divergent from many other animals in other phyla (bilateral)

Question 16

Describe how sponges feed

Answer 16

The flagella of choanocytes draw water through their collars, which trap food particles. These particles are then engulfed by phagocytosis and digested either by choanocytes or by amoebocytes.

Question 17

The insect Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans are prominent model organisms. Are these species the most appropriate invertebrate for making inferences about humans and other invertebrates? Explain.

Answer 17

Insects and nematodes are members of ecdysozoa, one of the three major clades of bilaterians. This shared characteristic may be informative about other members of their clade, but not necessarily for all members of deuterostomia

Question 18

Describe some ecological roles of nematodes and arthropods

Answer 18

Many nematode species live in soil and in sediments on the bottom of bodies of water. These free-living species play important roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Other nematodes are parasites,
including many species that attack the roots of plants and some that attack animals (including humans). Arthropods have profound effects on all aspects of ecology. In aquatic environments, crustaceans play
key roles as grazers (of algae), scavengers, and predators, and some species, such as krill, are important sources of food for whales and other vertebrates. On land, it is difficult to think of features of the natural world that are not affected in some way by insects and other arthropods, such as spiders and ticks. There are more than 1 million species of insects, many of which have enormous ecological effects as herbivores, predators, parasites, decomposers, and vectors of disease. Insects are also key sources of food for many organisms, including humans in some regions of the world.