Chapter 29 terms/concepts

Question 1

Discuss the evidence that supports the hypothesis that charophytes (green algae) are the closest
relatives to land plants

Answer 1

Charophytes have rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, similarly structured flagellated sperm, and they form phragmoplasts (develop in late cytokinesis, are used as scaffolding for the cell plate and eventual formation of the cell wall). Genetic analyses show that Zygnema and Coleochaete (two species of green algae) are the closest living relatives of plants

Question 2

Describe how the shift to life on land represented new challenges and opportunities for plants

Answer 2

Benefits: Unfiltered sunlight, more plentiful CO2 for photosynthesis, and nutrient-rich soil

Challenges: Scarcity of water and lack of structural support against gravity

In response to these challenges, plants diversified evolving to adapt to these new challenges on land

Question 3

What are the key derived traits of plants? (total of 5)

Answer 3

1. Alternation of generations
2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
4. Multicellular gametangia
5. Apical meristems

Question 4

Outline and describe the process of alternation of generations under the fern example

Answer 4

Draw the fern alternation of generations life cycle

Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis

The fusion of a sperm and egg (fertilization) gives rise to a zygote and eventually a diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid spores via meiosis,

Question 5

Describe the characteristics and reproductive processes of nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

Answer 5

Gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes

Since they do not have vascular tissue, their height is constrained and shortened

Rhizoids are what anchor gametophytes to the substrate

Mature gametophytes produce flagellated sperm in antheridia and an egg in each archegonium, and fertilization occurs within the archegonium. Zygote forms within the archeognium and a young sporophyte is formed

They need water to reproduce

Question 6

Draw the life cycle of bryophytes, slide 8 of chapter 29

Answer 6

Draw

Question 7

What are the three phyla of bryophytes?

Answer 7

Liverwort, hornwort, and mossess

Question 8

What are living vascular plants characterized by?

Answer 8

1. Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
2. Vascular tissues called zylem and phloem
3. Well-developed roots and leaves
4. Spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

Question 9

Sporophylls

Answer 9

spore-bearing leaves found in seedless vascular plants, or modified leaves with sporangia

Question 10

Reproductive processes of seedless vascular plants - how are they different that nonvascular plants?

Answer 10

Their sporophytes are the larger, more complex generation in their life cycle. Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

study the life cycle of the seedless vascular plants as well

Question 11

Xylem and phloem

Answer 11

Vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant - also allows for plants to grow sturdy and tall, which is advantageous in drier and shaded environments

Question 12

Microphylls

Answer 12

Small, and spine-shaped leaves with a single vein (only in lycophytes, seedless vascular plants, for ex club mosses

Question 13

Megaphylls

Answer 13

Larger leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Question 14

What are the two clades of vascular plants?

Answer 14

Phylum Lycophyta (which includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts)
Phylum Monilophyta: ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and relatives

Question 15

Sori

Answer 15

Clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls, which are modified leaves with sporangia in seedless vascular plants

Question 16

Why are seedless vascular plants significant?

Answer 16

The ancestors of the modern day lycophytes (club mossess, spike mosses, and quillworts) and monilophytes (ferns, horestails and whisk ferns) grew tall in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, forming the first forests

Decaying plants of these carboniferous forests formed coal over millions of years

Question 17

Cuticle

Answer 17

The outermost layer of plant leaves, young shoots, and other aerial plant organs, which provides protection since they are not equipped with a periderm

Question 18

Gametangia

Answer 18

Organ or cell in plants in which gametes are produced

Question 19

Sporangia

Answer 19

Organ or cell in plants in which sporophytes are produced