Chapter 28 terms/concepts/protists Flashcards

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1
Q

How are protists nutritionally diverse?

A

The are photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs, which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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2
Q

Where did protist diversity come from?

A

Endosymbiosis

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3
Q

Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution

A

Heterotrophic eukaryote engulfs a cyanobacteria and the cyanobacteria evolves, forming plastid organelles and diverging red and green algae. Red and green algae are then enveloped by another hetertrophic eukaryote and give rise to eukaryotic organisms

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4
Q

4 supergroups of eukaryotes

A
  1. Excavata
  2. SAR
  3. Archeoplastida
  4. Unikonta
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5
Q

Excavata (general characteristics)

A

Defined by a feeding groove, modified mitochondria, and unique flagella

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6
Q

Three monophyletic groups of Excavata (and their general characteristics, and an example of the first Excavata)

A

Diplomonads and Parabasalids (which lack plastids and have modified mitochondria and live in anaerobic environments) - in example of diplomonads is Giardia intestinalis (a parasite that causes a diarrheal disease).

Euglenozoans , which are predator heterotrophs, autotrophs (photosynthesis) a mix of both (mixotrophs) and parasites. Their main feature is a spiral/crystalline rod inside their flagella

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7
Q

SAR super group include:

A
  1. Stramenopiles
  2. Alveolates
  3. Rhizarians
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8
Q

General characteristics and subcategories of stramenopiles

A

Very important photosynethetic organisms

Most have “hairy” and “smooth” flagellum - the hairy one is longer than the smooth one

They include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

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9
Q

General features of Diatoms

A

(Stramenopile) Unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass like wall of silicon

They are a major component of phytoplankton and are incredibly diverse, and help remove carbon from the atmosphere

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10
Q

General features of Brown algae

A

(Stramenopile) Largest, most complex algae. Multicellular and most are marine. Include many seaweeds

Have leaflike blades, stem-like stipes, and root-like holdfasts

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11
Q

General characteristics of Alveolates

A

Membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

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12
Q

Apicomplexans

A

Subgroup of alveolates that are mostly parasitic, some cause serious human diseases

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13
Q

Draw the life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite

A

draw

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14
Q

General characteristics of Rhizarians

A

Many Rhizarians are ameobas

They have pseudopodia which are extensions of the cell surface, but rhizarian ameobas have differing pseudopodia in that they are thread-like

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15
Q

General features of red algae

A

(Supergroup Archeoplastida) Have a accessory pigment phycoerythrin that masks the green of chlorophyll

Color can vary from greenish-red in shallow water to dark red/almost black in deep water - this is due to algae absorbing light at different wavelengths

Multicellular and large

Most abundant large algae in coastal waters

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16
Q

General features of green algae

A

They are a paraphyletic group

two main groups are charophytes and the chlorophytes, and charophytes are the most closely related to plants

17
Q

Alternation of generations of Chlamydomonas

A

draw life cycle

18
Q

Heteromorphic

A

Structurally different generations

19
Q

Isomorphic

A

Structurally similar generations

20
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid generation in the alternation of generations, which produce haploid spores (zoospores)

21
Q

Gametophyte

A

Zoospores that have developed into a haploid generation, produce gametes via mitosis

The fertilization of gametes creates a diploid zygote and thus a new sporophyte

22
Q

Volvox

A

(Archeaoplastida) colonial green algae

23
Q

Charophytes

A

Green algae that are the closest relatives of land plants

24
Q

Chlorophytes

A

Green algae that live in freshwater but can be marine as well, live in damp soil, others live in snowy environments, some live symbiotically with fungi to form lichens (leaflike growth on rocks)

25
Q

Subgroups that make up the final supergroup, Unikonta

A

Ameobozoans and opisthokonts

26
Q

How can you tell the difference between amoebozoans and rhizarian amoebas?

A

Rhizarian amoebas have more threadlike pseudopodia than ameobozoans (more smooth like pseudopodia)

27
Q

Examples of ecological roles of protists

A

Some are symbionts:

Dinoflagellates that nourish coral polyps that build reefs

Wood digesting symbionts in the gut of parasites

Photosynthetic protists are important producers that obtain energy from the sun, converting CO2 to organic materials

They also are critical to aquatic systems as well

28
Q

Opisthokonts

A

include fungi, choanoflagellates, and animals

29
Q

Slime mold

A

A slug-like aggregate of ameobozoan protists that form if food is depleted in the environment