Chapter 31 Flashcards
What are the 3 major plant organs?
1) stems
2) roots
3) leaves
What do those 3 organs do?
Leaves- are the plant structures that put out photosynthesis
Roots- specialized in the uptake of minerals and water from the soil
Stems- specialized in production of leaves; contain pluem and xylem
What is the kingdom of plants called?
Plantae
Streptophyte
Plantae and their closest green algal relatives (land plants evolve from)
Bodies of land plants have what type of tissues?
3-D
What are the 5 evolutionary relationships of plants? And what do they contain?
1) green algae- chlorophyte green algae, simple & complex streptophyte algae
2) bryophytes(non vascular plants)- hornworms, liverworts and mosses
3) seedless vascular plants(vascular plants)- lycophytes & ptetidophytes
4) gymnosperms- cycads, ginkgo & conifers
5) angiosperms- flowers, fruits, endosperm in seeds
What groups are included in the kingdom of plantae?
Mosses & lycophytes
In plants cell division is concentrated in regions called:
Apical meristems
What are the oldest vascular plants?
Lycophytes
What is the job of the stomata?
Pores that open & close ( allows oxygen, water and carbon dioxide to pass through)
What is the difference btwn a gymnosperm and a angiosperm?
Gymnosperm- have naked seeds (not enclosed by fruit ex: pinecone) and protect and provide energy for the young sporophyte
Angiosperm- are flowering plants (anthophyta) and have endosperm
What is the alternation of generation?
Multicellular sporophyte generations that allow plant to grow
What is the haploid dominant life cycle?
Undergoes meiosis producing fewer spores; early sporophyte
What are the advantages for modern plants to do alternation of generation?
- plants get bigger and adapt to their environment
How does the sporophyte and gametophyte percentage change in alternation of generation?
Sporophyte-> produce spores that turn into gametophyte
Gametangia
Protects developing gametes from drying out
Archegonia
Flask-shape gametangia; hold eggs
Antheridia
Spherical gametangia; hold sperm
Matrophy
Zygotes that remained sheltered and fed gametophyte maternal tissue
What is the placental transfer experiment?
An experiment when scientists would take individual plants in order to control the air flow around it; wanted to test it by separating the sporophyte and the gametophyte= maternal tissue transferring radioactive air to embryo
Sporopollenin
Tough material in plant spore cell walls (prevent cell damage)
Sporangia
Protect from harsh uv light
Why is the plant embryo important?
To act as a “starting kit” for the future plants
What is an ovule
Contains one spore that matures into a seed
Difference btwn fertilization vs double fertilization
Fertilization-> egg w/ sperm(can’t occur after pollination)
Double fertilization-> has both a zygote and an endosperm
Pollination
Pollen comes in contact with ovules (female egg)
Pollen
Tiny male gametophytes
