Chapter 30: Lower Respiratory Problems- Ragsdale Flashcards
acute care for tuberculosis patients involves placing patients on ___________ isolation
airborne
primary initial manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis
dry cough that often becomes productive with mucoid or mucopurulent sputum
risk factors for pneumonia: this type of drug use
IV
two late manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis
dyspnea, hemoptysis
risk factors for pneumonia: resident of a _____________
long-term care facility
three manifestations of pneumonia that may occur in the older adult patient
confusion/stupor
hypothermia
nonspecific (diaphoresis, anorexia, fatigue, myalgias, headache)
tuberculosis patients in the community should have a ______________ every __________ until ___ consecutive cultures are negative
sputum specimen culture, month, 2
type of tuberculosis infection that starts when the bacteria are inhaled and trigger an inflammatory reaction
primary tuberculosis infection
type of tuberculosis infection characterized by widespread dissemination of the mycobacterium through the bloodstream to several distant organs (also a complication); can have manifestations such as fever, cough, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly
miliary tuberculosis
risk factors for pneumonia: ___________ intubation
tracheal
type of tuberculosis infection in which bacteria replicate
active tuberculosis infection
risk factors for pneumonia: these five chronic diseases
chronic lung and liver disease
diabetes
heart disease
cancer
chronic kidney disease
in patients with latent tuberculosis infection, _____ therapy with usually _______ helps prevent a TB infection from developing into active TB disease
drug, 1 drug
pertussis cough is more frequent (during the day, at night)
at night
the continuation phase of tuberculosis treatment lasts ______________
4 or 7 months
six pneumonia complications that can occur in older adults and in those with chronic diseases
pleurisy
pleural effusion
bacteremia
pneumothorax
acute respiratory failure (ARF)
sepsis
risk factors for pneumonia: exposure to four types of animal feces
bats, birds, rabbits, farm animal
the second stage of pertussis lasts __________ and is characterized by ________________
2-10 weeks, paroxysms of cough
CNS tuberculosis can cause this
bacterial meningitis
standard treatment regimen for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)
9 months of daily isoniazid
risk factors for pneumonia: two types of surgeries
abdominal, chest
treatment goal for bronchitis is _____________ and includes __________________, encouraging ___________ intake, and using a __________.
supportive, cough suppressants, oral fluid, humidifier
involves providing the antitubercular drugs directly to patients and watching as they swallow the drugs
directly observed therapy (DOT)
pneumonia caused by _______________ is a complication
multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens
the first stage of pertussis lasts __________ and manifests as a mild ________ with a low-grade or no fever, runny nose, watery eyes, malaise, and mild/nonproductive cough
1-2 weeks, upper respiratory tract (URI) infection
two drugs used in the continuation phase of tuberculosis treatment
isoniazid, rifampin
two uncommon pneumonia complications
lung abscess, empyema
hallmark characteristic of pertussis
uncontrollable, violent coughing that produces a “whoop” sound
when the site of tuberculosis is in one of these two places, it is contagious and transmittable
lungs (pulmonary), larynx (laryngeal)
tuberculosis patients should be placed in a single-occupancy room with ___________ pressure and airflow of ________ exchanges per hour
negative, 6-12
risk factors for pneumonia: _____ pollution
air
type of pneumonia that occurs in patients who have not been hospitalized or in long-term care within 14 days of onset
community-acquired pneumonia
the intensive/initial phase for tuberculosis treatment lasts __________
2 months
pertussis patients (should, should not) use cough suppressants and antihistamines and why
should not, they are ineffective and may cause coughing
type of tuberculosis infection in which active disease develops 2 or more years after the initial infection
post-primary or reactivation tuberculosis
four chest X-ray findings suggestive (not diagnostic) of tuberculosis
upper lobe infiltrates
cavitary infiltrates
lymph node involvement
pleural and/or pericardial effusion
risk factors for pneumonia: this age group
> 65 years
type of tuberculosis infection that occurs in a person who does not have active tuberculosis disease
latent tuberculosis infection
gold standard for diagnosing tuberculosis
sputum culture
treatment for pertussis
macrolide antibiotics
standard method to screen people for tuberculosis
tuberculin skin test (TST) using purified protein derivative (PPD)
most common symptom of bronchitis
cough (that may last up to 3 weeks)
six most common presenting symptoms of pneumonia
cough, fever, chills, dyspnea, tachypnea, pleuritic chest pain
type of pneumonia that occurs in non-intubated patients that begins 48 hours after admission to the hospital
hospital-acquired pneumonia
pertussis cough may last _____________
6-10 weeks
risk factors for pneumonia: prolonged ___________ and _______
immobility, bed rest
pneumonia sputum may be any of these three colors
green, yellow, rust (bloody)
live, attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that is given as a vaccine to infants in parts of the world with high prevalence of TB
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine
blood test that detects INF-gamma release from T cells in response to M. tuberculosis
interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) release assays (IGRAs)
in the acute care setting, pertussis may be diagnosed with _______________, _________ of nasopharyngeal secretions, or ___________ testing
nasopharyngeal cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serology
risk factors for pneumonia: altered ______
level of consciousness (LOC)
four drugs used in the intensive/initial phase of tuberculosis treatment
isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol
tuberculosis in the spine
Pott disease
risk factors for pneumonia: this type of infection
upper respiratory infection
risk factors for pneumonia: this nutritional state
malnutrition
risk factors for pneumonia: enteral feedings via ________________
naso- or orogastric or intestinal tubes
if consolidation is present in an pneumonia patient, these three assessment findings may also be present
bronchial breath sounds
egophony
increased fremitus
risk factors for pneumonia: inhalation or aspiration of ___________________
noxious substances
consolidation is (present, absent) with bronchitis
absent
to help diagnose pneumonia, a chest X-ray is performed to look for ______________
consolidation
lung sounds in a pneumonia patient
fine or coarse crackles
pertussis patients are contagious from ______________________ through the _____________ after onset of symptoms or until _________ after starting antibiotic therapy
beginning of the first stage, third week, 5 days
specific type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis infection that can result from either primary disease or reactivation of a latent infection; common manifestations include chest pain, fever, cough, unilateral pleural effusion
pleural tuberculosis
these two bloodwork tests are helpful in diagnosing pneumonia
ABGs
WBC count
the third/last stage of pertussis lasts ____________ with a less severe ____________ and ___________
2-3 weeks, cough, weakness
to prevent acute bronchitis, encourage patients to not ________, avoid ___________, and __________ often.
smoke, secondhand smoke, wash hands
type of tuberculosis infection in which active disease develops within the first 2 years of infection
primary tuberculosis
abdominal tuberculosis can lead to this
peritonitis
before starting antibiotic therapy for pneumonia, a ____________ culture and __________ should be done
sputum, Gram stain
in the community, pertussis is diagnosed via ______________ and ___________
history, assessment
