chapter 3 vocab

Question 1

system 1

Answer 1

automatic, functions without us being aware, intuition/gut feeling

Question 2

system 2

Answer 2

conscious attention and effort

Question 3

priming

Answer 3

activating certain associations

Question 4

embodied cognition

Answer 4

bodily sensations (physical perceptions) affect cognitive preferences and social judgements

Question 5

automatic thinking

Answer 5

implicit, effortless, habitual, without awareness (aka system 1)

Question 6

controlled thinking

Answer 6

explicit, deliberate, reflective, conscious (system 2)

Question 7

overconfidence

Answer 7

often don’t realize our system 1 errors - overestimate accuracy of our beliefs

Question 8

confirmation bias

Answer 8

seek information that confirms/supports our pre-existing beliefs

Question 9

2 techniques to reduce overconfidence bias (not bolded)

Answer 9

prompt feedback - outcome shows if your belief/prediction was true (weather forecasters, horse-race predictors)

consider disconfirming info (potential reasons their belief could be wrong)

Question 10

heuristics

Answer 10

simple, efficient thinking strategies; mental shortcuts

Question 11

representativeness heuristic

Answer 11

tendency to assume that something/someone belongs to a certain group if they resemble our mental representation of a typical member (even if odds are impossible)

Question 12

availability heuristic

Answer 12

judge likelihood based on availability in memory

Question 13

counterfactual thinking

Answer 13

imagining alternative scenarios that could have happened but didn’t; underlies feelings of good and bad luck

Question 14

illusory correlation

Answer 14

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

Question 15

regression toward the average

Answer 15

statistical tendency for extreme scores/behavior to migrate toward average

Question 16

belief perseverance

Answer 16

our initial belief can survive discrediting evidence if there is still an explanation for why it can be true

Question 17

misinformation effect

Answer 17

incorporating misinformation into our memories

Question 18

attribution theory

Answer 18

analyzes how we explain people’s behavior (due to internal or external factors) and what we infer from it

Question 19

dispositional attribution

Answer 19

behavior is due to internal causes

Question 20

situational attribution

Answer 20

behavior is due to external causes

Question 21

misattribution

Answer 21

mistakenly attributing behavior to wrong source

Question 22

spontaneous trait inference

Answer 22

effortless, automatic inference of a trait after hearing of/seeing someone’s behavior

Question 23

fundamental attribution error

Answer 23

underestimating effect of external factors on behavior

Question 24

self fulfilling prophecies

Answer 24

beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment

Question 25

behavioral confirmation

Answer 25

type of self fulfilling prophecy where social expectations lead a person to behave in a way that causes others to confirm their expectations