Chapter 3: Theories Flashcards
___ theories comprise general explanations about underlying makeup and workings of society, focusing on personality/behaviour/social/political/economic
foundational
ex. of foundational theories?
cognitive, ecological, structural, critical, systems
___ theories are specific to SW practise in real world contexts, focus on factors important for practitioners assess client situation and work with client to determine most effective intervention
practice
ex. of practise theories?
client-centred models, strengths based models, cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness, narrative therapy
two categories of theoretical perspectives?
conventional and progressive
conventional approaches?
ecological, cognitive, systems
progressive approaches?
critical, structural, anti-oppressive
social workers need to be ____
generalists (learn about and understand wide array of theories and practice models)
___ theory places person in series of interdependent relationships and their immediate environments
ecological
ecological theory uses ___ to show patterns of positive and negative interactions that comprise client’s family/social situation
ecomaps
Carel Germain and Alex Gitterman used ideas from ecology and biology to develop ___ model of social work
life
SW who use ecological perspective incorporate ____ philosophy because work typically involves strong element of ____ and _____
humanist; empathy; reflection
___ theory underlies range of potentially effective intervention strategies which have roots in psychodynamic perspective (Freud)
cognitive
why psychodynamic theory important?
help uncover complexity of human mind and move from moralism to more open, therapeutic approach
______ put limits on extent which ppl can actively pursue basic needs
norms and values
according to cognitive perspecitve, goals of social work are to:
1) understand cognitive roots of irrational/troubling behaviour 2) use specific techniques like talk therapy to expose source of prob 3) use insights to resolve issue and help ppl cope better
____ theory focuses on working of wider social systems/structures such as family, community, school, place of worship, workplace; function of these systems critical to satisfactory resolution of client prob
systems
levels of systems (from smallest to largest):
individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
this theory is largely Canadian, traced to work of Maurice Moreau
structural
skills in structural social work similar to ones used in ____ theory
ecological
practitioners of structural SW consider:
all dimensions of personal probs, particularly attuned to less visible structural elements of probs such as SoDH
structural SW need to be skilled in:
casework, family counselling, group work, community organizing, social policy, social welfare issues
specific structural theories included in critical theory:
feminist theory, anti-racist, post-colonial theory
what does critical theory focus on?
analyse socioeconomic structures that oppress/exploit ppl
critical social work draws on notion of ____
empowerment
three aspects of empowerment:
1) explicitly identified power elements in client-worker relationship 2) explicit experience of control by clients 3) explicit support by SW of client’s effort to gain greater control over lives and promote change
what is antioppressive theory?
cluster of theories that share goal of understanding and responding to oppressive social conditions and relationships
two major types of anti-oppressive social work:
feminist and anti-racist
components of anti-oppressive perspective:
1) ppl’s everyday experience shaped by multiple oppressions 2) social justice oriented SW focuses on helping client while also address root of issue 3) need to build allies and work with social mvmts/causes 4) participatory approaches 5) self-reflexive practice and analysis important
micro level practice focuses on _____ and aims to promote healthy personal fxn, social relationships, interactions with resources
individuals, families, small groups
meso level practice focuses on _____ and aims to promote change in group dynamics, structures, practices
formal groups, organizations, service delivery networks
macro level practice focuses on ________
social probs in community, institutional, and policy-related contexts.
generalist intervention model is first tailored to ____ and involves deliberate ______
needs of client; planned change
generalist interventions based on :
assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation, termination/followup
what are range of skills needed for micro/meso/macro level practice?
communication/interviewing, group facilitation, admin, community mobilization, research skills
social work practice rooted in _____ perspective
person in environment
person in enviro perspective aims to:
enhance interactions between individuals and society, promote social justice, ensure equal opportunity/access/participation, promote empowerment
what is empowerment?
process of ^ capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes
basic goal of generalist SW:
facilitate social well being and social functioning of person in enviro
what are skills needed for all perspectives?
assessment , empathy, reframing, communication, spiritual sensitivity, advocacy (pg 88/89)
Cree beliefs about gifts from creator?
physical, metaphysical
____ is used as a symbol of Cree interconnected world view and nature of relations between ppl and all beings in their world view
spiral
Indigenous model of building family and community resilience, 3 interconnected dimensions:
1) reclaiming wahkohtowin (interconnected world view) 2) reconciling damaged relationships
3) repatriating the power to respectfully self-determine
cornerstone to recovering interconnected worldview?
reclaim ceremonies as educational instrument
what is functional practice model (Rank)?
emphasize importance of client role in directing change to enhance social functioning; work with (not for); emphasize importance of life events in the present
what is client-centred practice model (Rogers) ?
clients are experts in understanding/resolving own probs; based on humanism; goal to empower and have non-judgmental and non-directive approach
social workers often draw on ____ approaches as more practical, time-limited practice models with clearer guidelines
cognitive behavioural
what is rational-emotive practice model (Ellis)?
blend of two psych areas of cognition and behaviourism, aim to help client see neg emotions due to distorted perception of reality; emphasis on changing current emotional state of mind and exercise control over own thoughts and effect change in own life
what is task-centred practice model?
short-term intervention with measurable outcome and proven effectiveness; assess and clarify target prob and desired outcome, create list of tasks must be accomplished to resolve prob
assumption of task-centred practice model?
ppl experiencing prob have resources and motivation to resolve them
task-centred practice model particularly helpful for
dealing with persistent probs like interpersonal conflicts, probs in role performance, difficulty making decisions, reactive emotional stress
what is strengths-based practice model (saleebey)
encourage client to recognize own assets, then collaborate and draw on available strengths and resources to work toward growth and change
what is cognitive behavioural therapy?
person’s thoughts and beliefs determine emotional/behavioural responses to life events/situations; focuses on using cognitive change to drive emotional/behavioural change and goal attainment; brief, time-limited, present-focused, prob solving approaches
techniques used in CBT?
systematic questioning, inductive reasoning, reattribution of negative outcomes to external influence rather than internal causation, challenging general rules shaping perceptions of experiences, confronting anxious responses to triggers
CBT works to alleviate variety of conditions:
mood disorders, anxiety, personality disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorders
basic steps in CBT intervention:
identify critical behaviours; determine whether such behaviours are excesses or deficits; evaluate frequency/duration/intensity of behaviours; attempt to decrease/increase frequency/duration/intensity of behaviours based on excess or deficit
in CBT, ____ , ____, and ___ influence each other; triangle in middle represents idea that core beliefs can be summed up in three categories:
feelings, thoughts, behaviours; self, others, future
3 ways mindfulness has been adapted:
1) treatment intervention 2) mode of self care 3) enhance client-worker helping relationship
mindfulness represents shift from ___ to ___ mode
doing; being
benefits of mindfulness?
greater self-awareness, ability relate in new ways to pain and difficulties, healthy emotional processing/regulation, facilitate mental space where creative solutions can rise, develop positive self image, greater well being and ease in the world, respond stress better, make choices with greater clarity
primary practice/skill cultivated in mindfulness is ____
meditation
formal vs informal meditation?
sustained attention on particular object or choiceless awareness (awareness of breathing); application of mindful attention in everyday life
mindfulness involves being:
present through attention and awareness without judgement, moving beyond what human senses can directly experience and everyday states of awareness and taken-for-granted perceptions
most widely used mindfulness intervention is called:
mindfulness-based stress reduction
MBSR shown to be effective for addressing:
chronic pain, stress, caregiver stress, anxiety, depression, ED, psoriasis, cancer, suicidal behaviour
building on MBSR, ____ was developed as treatment approach to reduce relapse and recurrence of depression
MBCT (mindfulness based cognitive therapy); notice neg thoughts and how to change relationship with them
other variations of mindfulness:
dialectical behaviour therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy
____ model based on belief that ppl have necessary inner resources to resolve probs and contribute to own growth and change
solutions-focused
solutions focused approach is ____ because knowledge about reality and experiences are constructed thru social interactions, language, dialogue
constructivist
questions to help clients identify strengths and solutions:
exception questions, miracle questions, coping questions, relationship questions
components of solution focused therapy:
scaling questions , problem free talk, exception seeking questions
what are scaling questions?
invite clients find ways measure and track own experiences in non-threatening way
what are problem free talk?
questions designed to uncover hidden resources that can help client relax and become more naturally proactive in tackling probs
____ model focus on meanings ppl find in and create in life stories, as well as extent to which ppl feel lived experiences are represented within own stories as told by self or others
narrative based
what is narrative therapy:
psychotherapy that seeks to help ppl identify values, skills, knowledge so can confront whatever probs they face; help client co-author new narrative about selves and challenge dominant discourse that shape ppl lives
in narrative therapy, therapist acts as ___
investigative reporter
narrative therapy supports clients in ___ the problem
externalizing
Turner observed creativity comes into play in SW in five main areas:
1) creative expression 2) creative presentation of self by social worker 3) creative conceptualization at the direct practice level 4) creative conceptualization at the community practice level 5) creative cosmology paradigm
4 primary theoretical orientations in contemporary art therapy:
1) psychodynamic 2) humanistic 3) learning and developmental 4) family therapy
play therapy widely used with these types of children:
experienced trauma, loss, in adoptive/foster care
form of participatory action research involving photography and narrative , used by practitioners to empower communities so as to include voices of individuals who otherwise may be marginalized
photovoice
