Chapter 3: The Psychological Approach Flashcards
What does Behaviorism support?
Behaviorism supports that the environment is accountable for every action of an individual, instead of the mind.
What is the most widely used scientific method in cognitive science and psychology?
An experiment that is conducted to test a hypothesis
What is the voluntarism movement?
Voluntarism views the mind as consisting of elements which are assembled into higher-level cognitive components through the power of the will. Voluntarism was inspired by chemistry. (Wundt)
What does Introspection mean?
Inward looking
What are Wundt’s dimensions in the tri-dimensional theory of feeling?
pleasure-displeasure, tension-relaxation, excitement-depression
What is Creative Synthesis (law of psychic resultants)?
According to this principle, the mind actively organizes disparate elements together such that the resulting whole contains new properties
What is the Structuralist’s view?
According to Structuralism the mind is a passive agent, not an active one. Structuralism focuses on mind’s structure. (its basic mental elements and their combination)
What are according to Titchener the four (plus one) attributes of sensations?
Quality, Intensity, Duration, Clearness (+Extensity)
What was the main critique of introspectionism?
The process is subjective and unreliable since trained introspection biases participants’ corresponding.
What is James’ psychologist’s fallacy?
One person’s subjective element response to a perception does not guarantee that the same element will exist in someone else’s mind who experiences the same perception.
In what two ways could the term “function” be interpreted according to Functionalists?
Function can be either:
1) an activity or process (such as memory)
2) or the utility of an activity to the organism
What does the Gestalt approach suggest?
Conscious wholes cannot be reduced to a listing and description of their parts.
What does Phenomenology refer to?
Phenomenology refers to subjective experience (rather than objective description)
How does Phenomenology differ from Introspection?
Phenomenology focuses on a person’s immediate subjective perception of an external stimulus and it doesn’t require training (it’s less controlled)
What is Insight Learning according to Kohler?
Insight learning is the seemingly spontaneous understanding of relationships that produces a solution to a problem
What are the principles of Perceptual Organization?
Principles of
1) Proximity
2) Similarity
3) Closure (parts from complete and enclosed object)
4) Pragnaz (simple parts will group together)
What is the Isomorphism perspective?
A perception is identical in form or shape to the brain activity that gives rise to
What does the Three -Tiered System of Consciousness proposed by Freud consist of?
Conscious mind (thoughts and feelings we can directly access), Pre-conscious mind (aspects of mind we can bring into awareness with effort), Unconscious (aspects of mind we are completely unaware of)
According to Freud, what do Id, Superego and Ego operate on?
Pleasure Principle (sex, hunger), Idealistic Principle (ethical sense), Reality Principle (rational acts)
What is Operant Conditioning?
Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened by reinforcement and diminished by punishment
What is the Latent Learning?
Type of learning without any reinforcements
What are the four stages of Insight Learning according to Wallas? (IN DEPTH section)
- Preparation (acquisition and understanding of a problem)
- Incubation (problem is put aside, unconscious mind searches for a solution)
- Illumination (solution comes to awareness)
- Verification (confirmation of the correct solution)
What is the Zeigarnik effect? (IN DEPTH section)
A phenomenon of remembering more information when there has been an interruption (in the learning or action experience)
