Chapter 3:The Innate Immune System

Question 1

What are the resident cells of the innate response? And what are the recruited/induced cells?

Answer 1

Resident

• macrophages (complement activation)
• dendritic cells (leave to go to the adaptive system- secondary lymphoid tissue)

Recruited/induced

• neutrophils (important phagocytic cells, bacteria or fungi)
• monocytes (differentiate into macrophages)
• natural killer cells (innate cells important for viruses)

Question 2

• Cell that is used to “clean up”
• self versus non-self
• inflammatory response

Answer 2

Macrophages

Question 3

What is found in all tissues(Kupffer cells,’microglia, osteoporosis, etc.) that is typically a larger cell, that are terminally differentiated monocytes

Answer 3

Macrophage

Question 4

Resident phagocyte that kills pathogens and removes dead or dying cells

Answer 4

Macrophage

Question 5

What is the good, better, best, regarding macrophages?

Answer 5

Good- sitting in cells
Better-interferon gamma
Best-produces TNF-alpha (depleted in AIDS patients) and receiving it (loop back)

Question 6

-increases nitric oxide production (bactericidal activity)
-induces ROS
-NADPH oxidase
• oxidizes DNA
• activates inflamasomes to increase inflammation
• membrane oxidative damage

Answer 6

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)

(A cytokine) and it makes macrophages “better”

• some bacteria can produce catalase to neutralize hydrogen Peroxide*

Question 7

-powerful pro-inflammatory proteins
• released after infection, trauma
• stronger activator of NFkB
-involved in serious allergic reactions and auto inflammatory disorders
-increases iNOS activity
-aids in neutrophil clearance and diminishes the neutrophil response after infection

Answer 7

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Question 8

Recognizes the cell surface carbohydrates of bacterial cells that is absent on human cells

Answer 8

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

These recognize PAMPS (ligands)

Question 9

Membrane spanning receptors usually expressed on cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules from microbes

Answer 9

Toll-like receptors

Phosphate? Kinase cascade?

NFKB-gets phosphate group, translates into the nucleus

Question 10

Do TOLL-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) recognize the same thing?

Answer 10

No, They recognize different things

Question 11

where are Toll-like receptors (TLRS) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) located?

Answer 11

Toll-membrane bound

NOD- free floating

Question 12

NFkB gets __________ group, translocates into the nucleus.

Answer 12

Phosphate

Question 13

secreted by certain cells, and have an effect on other cells

Answer 13

Cytokines

-NFkB, Pro inflammatory cytokines

Question 14

Recruits cells and regulate immune cell movement

Answer 14

Chemokines

Question 15

Induces blood vessels to be more permeable, enabling cells, fluid and soluble effecters to enter infected tissue

Answer 15

TNF-alpha

Question 16

Induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize, generate heat, and raise the temperature in the infected tissue

Answer 16

IL-6

Question 17

What allows for “better”macrophages?

Answer 17

IL-12

Question 18

MAC:
Macrophages activated by viral infection secrete what cytokines that recruit NK cells?

NK cells and macrophage conjugate. The synapsis delivers ______, which with IL-12 activates the natural killer cell

Natural killer cells proliferate and differentiate into effector natural killer cells secreting________, this then binds is receptor on the macrophage, increasing phagocytosis and cytokines secretion

Answer 18

IL-12 and CXCL8

IL-15

Interferon gamma

Question 19

Extravasation allows what to leave the blood vessels?

Answer 19

Neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 20

What are the steps of extravasation?

Answer 20

Rolling adhesion (CXCL8 receptor)
Tight binding
Diapedesis
Migration

(GTP Mediated, phosphorylation event)

Adhesion molecules are up regulated