Chapter 2: Introduction Innate Immunity

Question 1

The innate immune system is mostly phagocytes. What are the three main phagocytes?

And Antiviral cell?

And three Anti-parasitic cells?

Answer 1

• macrophages
• neutrophils
• dendritic cells

NK cell

Mast cell, basophil, eosinophil.

Question 2

Anti-microbial substance

• all epithelia
• destroying membranes of bacteria fungi and viruses

Answer 2

Defensins

Question 3

Found in tears and saliva. Degrades bacterial cell walls

Answer 3

Lysozyme

It degrades peptidoglycan!

Question 4

This is a pore former - bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses

Answer 4

Defensins

Question 5

• structurally different, functionally similar to defensins

- neutrophils secondary granules (neutrophil elastase activate only when needed)

Answer 5

Cathelicidins

Question 6

• continuously expressed (oral glands)

- pathogenic fungi

Answer 6

Pentraxins

Question 7

What does C3a and C3b do?

C3a-recruits phagocytes
C3b-tags bacterium for destruction

Answer 7

C3a-recruits phagocytes

C3b-tags bacterium for destruction

Question 8

• many are proteases
• infection triggers complement activation (Protease Cascade)
• more than 30 proteins

Answer 8

Compliment

Question 9

The process of binding serum complement to the product formed by the union of an antibody and the antigen

Answer 9

Complement fixation

This organizes the membrane attack complex

Question 10

Pathway where pathogen surface creates local environment conductive to complement activation

-first to act

——> complement activation

Answer 10

Alternative pathway

Question 11

Pathway where Mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogen surface

-Second to act

—-> complement activation

Answer 11

Lectin pathway

Question 12

Pathway where C-reactive proteins or antibody binds to specific antigen on pathogen surface

-third to act

——>Complement activation

Answer 12

Classical pathway

Question 13

An antibody or other substance which binds to foreign micro organisms or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis

Answer 13

Opsonin

Question 14

What is created when the Macrophage membrane fuse, creating a membrane bounded vesicle

What fusses with it?

Answer 14

Phagosome

Lysosomes, to create the phagolysosome

Question 15

• last part of complement
• before immune cells come (enzyme)
• C5 Convertase (enzyme) ——> C5B and C5a(to recruit)
• pathogen surface is covered with C3

Answer 15

Membrane attack complex

-this forms a pore, contents leak out of the cell (kills the cell)

Question 16

This causes smooth muscle contraction, histamine released from mass cells, and enhance vascular permeability

Answer 16

Anaphylatoxins

Question 17

This helps the migration of monocytes and neutrophils from blood into tissue.

It does this by increasing permeability that allows fluid leakage from blood vessels and extravasation of complement and other plasma proteins at the side of the infection

Answer 17

Anaphylatoxins