Chapter 3: The cellular Environment: fluids and electrolytes, acids and bases Flashcards
the total water isloss per day in the adult is approximately
a. 0.8 L
b. 1,2 L
c. 1.8 L
d. 2.2 L
e. 2.8 L
2.8 L
Of the 60% of the body weight made up of water about 3 L
a. extracellular water
b. intracellular water
c. intravascular water
d. interstitial water
Intravascular water
Sodium is responsible for
a. intracellular fluid (ICF) omotic balance
b. extracellular fluid (ECF) osmotic balance
c. total body water (TBW) osmolality
d. osmotic equilibrium
Extracellular osmotic balance
A milliequivalent is a unit of:
a. mass
b. physical activity
c. chemical activity
d. osmotic concentration
chemical activity
The principle osmotic neutrality means that
a. The number of anions and ions in the body must be equal.
b. intravascular molecules of protein are without charge
c. the sodium ions must be united with the chloride ions.
d. The positive and negative charges in blood plasma must be equal to each other
The positive and negative charges in blood plasma must be equal to each other
Aldosterone controls ECF volume by
a. carbohydrate, fat, and protein catabolism
b. sodium reabsorption
c. potassium reabsorption
d. inhibition of chloride reabsorption
sodium reabsorption
The release of ADH is stimulated by
a. decreased plasma osmolality
b. increased circulating blood volume
c. increased blood pressure
d. increased plasma osmolality
e. decreased plasma volume
Increased osmolality
Laboratory studies of an adult reveal the following: Plasma Na+ = 110 MeQ/L CL: 100 MeQ/L K: 4.8 MeQ/L Ca: 9 MeQ/L Hco3: 26 MeQ/L The most likely alteration is
Hyponatremia
An individual has weakness, dizziness, irritability, and intestinal cramps. Laboratory studies reveal the following: Na: 138 K 6.8 Ph: 7.38 Hco3: 25 EKG shows a peaked twave
hyperkalemia
an acid is which of the following
a. an anion
b. a cation
c. a substance/chemical that combines with a hydrogen ion to lower ph
d. a substance/chemical that donates a hydrogen ion or a proton
a substance/chemical that donates a H ion or a proton
The most significant consequence of hyperkalemia is
a. muscular weakness
b. paralytic ileus
c. depressed cardiac conductivity or arrest
d. metabolic acidosis
a depressed cardiac conductivity or arrest
the blood ph is maintained near 7.4 by buffer systems. The sequence from the fast acting compensation to the slowest acting compensation is respectively
a. lungs, kidneys, blood buffers
b. blood buffers,lungs kidneys
c. blood buffers, kidneys, lungs
d. lungs, blood buffers, kidneys
blood buffers, lungs, kidneys
the ph of saliva is about 7 and the ph of gastric juice is about 2. how many times more concentrated is the hydrogen ion in gastric juice than in saliva
a. 5
b. 50
c. 100
d. 10,000
e. 100,000
100,000
if a hypotonic solution is infused intravenously into a patient, fluid movement will
a. be from vascular to interstitial
b. not occur
c. be from intracellular to extracellular
d. occur from the interstitial to vascular compartment
be from vascular to interstitial
a young female became quite agitated and apprehensive and eventually lost consciousness. at the hospital emergency department, the following laboratory values were obtained: na: 137 k: 5 ph: 7.53 co2: 22 hco3: 24 her immediate diagnosis was a. hypokalemia b. metabolic acidosis c. metabolic alkalosis d. respiratory acidosis e. respiratory alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis
as hc03 shifts form the red blood cell to the blood plasma it is expected that the plasma
a. Na increases
b. CL shifts into the red blood cell
c. K+ increases
d. ph decreases
chloride (CL) shifts into the red blood cell
an elevated anion gap is associated with an accumulation of
a. chloride anions
b. lactate anions
c. high bicarbonate levels
d. sodium cations
lactate anions
- Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Two thirds of the body’s water is intracellular.
B. One fourth of the body’s fluid is extracellular.
C. The two main extracellular compartments are interstitial and intracellular.
D. Standard total body water is 40% of body weight.
A. Two thirds of the body’s water is intracellular.
- Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Potassium is the most abundant ECF ion.
B. Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the ICF space.
C. Water moves freely across membranes.
D. Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane
C. Water moves freely across membranes.
- Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common causes of edema formation (increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues)?
A. Decreased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Increased capillary membrane permeability
D. Lymphatic obstruction
A. Decreased hydrostatic pressure
- Which of the following statements regarding water balance is TRUE?
A. The kidneys and liver have a central role in maintaining sodium and water balance.
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the adrenal gland.
C. Sodium is regulated by aldosterone released from the pituitary.
D. Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately 2% of body weight.
D. Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately 2% of body weight.
- Which of the following statements regarding aldosterone is TRUE?
A. It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
B. It is a hormone that is secreted when potassium levels are depressed.
C. Its action is to decrease the retention of sodium.
D. Its action is to decrease the secretion of potassium.
A. It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
- Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding water balance?
A. Isotonic fluids cause increased cellular swelling.
B. Hypertonic fluid causes increased cellular swelling.
C. Hypotonic fluid causes cellular swelling.
D. Hypernatremia causes cellular swelling.
C. Hypotonic fluid causes cellular swelling.
- Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypernatremia (high sodium)?
A. Excessive free water intake
B. Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution
C. Oversecretion of aldosterone
D. Cushing syndrome
A. Excessive free water intake
