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Daphne VCE Psychology 2015 > Chapter 3 : Sleep > Flashcards

Chapter 3 : Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sleep?

A

Sleep is a regularly occurring altered state of consciousness that typically occurs naturally and is primarily characterized bu the loss of conscious awareness.

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2
Q

True or False

An individual typically spends about one-third of their life asleep.

A

True.

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3
Q

Name some of the methods used to study sleep.

A

EEG, EMG, EOG, heart rate and core body temperature, video monitoring, and self-reports.

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4
Q

Where do most sleep research take place?

A

Sleep laboratories.

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5
Q

Define a polysomnography.

A

Polysomnography is an intensive study of a sleeping person involving simultaneous observing and recording of various physiological responses of the sleeper during the course of the night.

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6
Q

What is EEG, and what does it measure?

A

An electroencephalograph (EEG) is used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of the brain.

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7
Q

True or False
During the course of a typical night’s sleep, the brain produces distinguishable patterns of electrical activity in a regular sequence.

A

True.

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8
Q

What is EMG, and what does it measure?

A

An electromyograph (EMG) is used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of the muscles.

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9
Q

Briefly describe our change in muscle activity/tension during the course of a typical night’s sleep.

A

Our muscles progressively relax as we move into deeper stages of sleep. There may also be periods when we may experience muscle spasms, or periods when our muscles are completely relaxed.

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10
Q

True or False

We may experience muscle spasm during light sleep.

A

True.

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11
Q

What is EOG, and what does it measure?

A

An electro-oculargraph (EOG) measures eye movements and eye positions by detecting, amplifying and recording the electrical activity of muscles that control eye movements.

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12
Q

What are the recordings of the EEG, EMG and EOG called?

A

Electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and electro-oculargram.

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13
Q

Briefly describe our changes in core body temperature and heart rate throughout a night’s sleep.

A

Both heart rate and core body temperature progressively drop as we drift from light sleep into deeper and deeper sleep, and increase as we drift from deeper sleep into lighter sleep.

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14
Q

How many degrees Celsius can our core body temperature drop by?

A

More than 1 degrees Celsius.

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15
Q

Why can there be sudden and dramatic changes in heart rate during sleep?

A

This is due to sleep phenomenons, such as dreaming or sleep terrors, or even sleep disorders such as sleep apnea.

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16
Q

Name an example of a sleep disorder.

A

Sleep apnea.

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17
Q

What do video monitors record?

A

They may be used to record the presence of sleepwalking, or involuntarily bodily movements, such as “tossing or turning”.

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18
Q

Name examples of types of self-reports used in sleep studies.

A

Questionnaires, sleep diaries, surveys, etc.

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19
Q

What are sleep diaries?

A

A sleep diary is self-reported record of an individual’s sleeping and waking time activities, usually over a period of several weeks.

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20
Q

Name the two types of sleep.

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep.

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21
Q

For adults, how long does one cycle of NREM sleep lasts for?

A

Around 70-90 minutes.

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22
Q

How many stages of sleep are identifiable in NREM sleep?

A

Four stages of sleep.

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23
Q

How do psychologists usually distinguish between the different stages of sleep?

A

They can be identified through different brain wave patterns.

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24
Q

When do we usually experience REM sleep?

A

After a cycle of NREM sleep.

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25
Q

What does a complete sleep cycle consists of?

A

It consists of one period of NREM sleep (but not necessarily all four stages) and a period of REM sleep (which increases as the night progresses).

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26
Q

How long does a complete cycle of sleep lasts for?

A

Around 80-120 minutes.

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27
Q

Approximately how many times do we go through this cycle of sleep during a typical 8 hours of sleep each night?

A

Four to five times.

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28
Q

True or False

We spend approximately 80% of our sleep in NREM sleep.

A

True.

29
Q

True or False

Typically, the second half of the night has more NREM sleep.

A

False.

Typically, the first half of the night has more NREM sleep, and the second half of the night has more REM sleep.

30
Q

During NREM sleep, is our brain active? How does it compare to REM sleep and NWC?

A

Yes, our brain is active, but not as active as during REM sleep and NWC.

31
Q

What is the purpose of NREM sleep?

A

NREM sleep is the time when our body recovers, repairs body tissue, removes waste products and replenishes neurotransmitters that are vital between the communication of neurons.

32
Q

How do psychologists determine an individual’s stage of sleep?

A

By examining EEG data.

33
Q

Define frequency.

A

Frequency refers to the number of brain waves (per second).

34
Q

Define amplitude.

A

Amplitude refers to the intensity of brain waves, as estimated by the size of the brain waves.

35
Q

What does a low frequency indicate?

A

A low frequency indicates few brain waves and slow brain wave activity.

36
Q

When we first close our eyes and begin to relax, what type of brain waves do our brains emit?

A

Alpha waves.

37
Q

What are alpha waves?

A

Alpha wave patterns are associated with relaxation and drowsiness and are characterized by regular patterns of relatively high frequency and medium amplitude brain waves.

38
Q

What is the transition period from being awake to being asleep called, and how long does it last for?

A

The hynagogic state, and it usually lasts for about 1-2 minutes.

39
Q

Describe NREM sleep stage 1 in as much detail as you can.

A

We gradually lose awareness of ourselves and our surroundings, but sometimes, we are still able to hear faint sounds in our environment. There is a decrease in heart rate, core body temperature, respiration and muscle tension. There is also a decrease in alpha brain waves and an increase in medium frequency theta waves with a mixture of high and low amplitude. We also experience jerking sensations or muscles spasms as a result of our muscles relaxing. This stage of sleep usually lasts for about 5-10 minutes.

40
Q

What sensation do we experience in NREM sleep stage 1 due to the relaxation of muscles?

A

Hypnic jerk.

41
Q

Describe NREM sleep stage 2 in as much detail as possible.

A

Body movements lessen, breathing becomes more regular, blood pressure and temperature continue to fall and heart rate is slower. Brain waves are mainly theta waves, but they are lower in frequency and higher in amplitude than those in the previous stage. May also experience sleep spindles and K-complexes. This stage usually lasts for about 10-20 minutes.

42
Q

What is used as an indicator for being truly asleep in NREM sleep stage 2?

A

The presence of sleep spindles.

43
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Sleep spindles are brief bursts of higher frequency brain waves that last for about a second. The presence of sleep spindles indicate that the person is truly asleep.

44
Q

What are K-complexes?

A

K-complexes are bursts of low frequency and slightly higher amplitude brain waves in response to arousing stimuli.

45
Q

Describe NREM sleep stage 3 in as much detail as possible.

A

The start of the deepest period of sleep. Heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure continue to drop and breathing rate continues to be slow and steady. We are extremely relaxed and less responsive to the outside world. There is reduction brain electrical activity and delta waves that are low in frequency and high in amplitude make up to 20-50% of our brain wave recordings. This stage of sleep lasts for about 10 minutes.

46
Q

What indicates that start of slow wave sleep, and how long does it last for?

A

The presence of delta waves, and it lasts for about 30 minutes.

47
Q

Describe NREM sleep stage 4 in as much detail as possible.

A

Stage 4 sleep is the deepest stage of sleep. Physiological changes are similar to those in stage 3. We are completely relaxed and barely move. Delta waves dominate, and are slower and larger than those in stage 3. This stage of sleep lasts for about 20 minutes and it is when sleep phenomenons such as sleepwalking, sleeptalking or night terrors may occur.

48
Q

In which stage(s) do sleep phenomenons such as sleepwalking, sleeptalking or night terrors occur?

A

Stages 3 and 4.

49
Q

Define REM sleep.

A

REM sleep is a period of rapid eye movement sleep in which the eyeballs move rapidly beneath closed eyelids, darting back and forth and up and down in jerky movements.

50
Q

Describe REM sleep in as much detail as possible.

A

Brain wave patterns are irregular and are considered to be beta-like. The body’s internal function is said to be more active during REM sleep than NREM sleep. Heart rate is faster and irregular. Blood pressure rises and breathing rate is quicker and more irregular. However, the sleeper is said to be completely relaxed. Internally, the brain and body are active, while externally, the body is clam and inactive. Most dreaming occurs in REM sleep.

51
Q

True or False

Most dreaming occurs in REM sleep.

A

True.

52
Q

Compare the dreams of REM sleep with those of NREM sleep.

A

The dreams in NREM sleep are less frequent, less memorable, less vivid, and less fragmented than those in REM sleep.

53
Q

Why do psychologists view REM sleep as being both light and deep sleep?

A

When brain wave activity is considered, REM sleep is considered to be more similar to wakefulness than NREM sleep. But when muscle tone is considered, REM sleep can be said to be the deepest of sleep as muscle tone is at its lowest.

54
Q

When is muscle tone at its lowest point?

A

During REM sleep.

55
Q

True or False

As we age, less and less time is spent asleep.

A

True.

56
Q

Name the four different types of brain waves.

A

Beta waves, alpha waves, theta waves and delta waves.

57
Q

Describe the sleeping patterns that we experienced throughout our lifespan.

A

For a newborn infant, around 16 hours is spent asleep, and 50% is REM sleep. By the end of infancy, 12-13 hours is spent asleep, and 25-30% is REM sleep. During the end of childhood and the start of adolescence, we spend about 9 hours asleep, with 20% of REM sleep. During late adulthood, 6-7 hours is spent asleep, and one-third is REM sleep.

58
Q

How many hours of sleep is recommended for adolescence?

A

Around 9 hours of sleep per night.

59
Q

What is the circadian rhythm?

A

The circadian rhythm is a cycle during which hormones are produced to control body functions.

60
Q

Name the sleep hormone, and suggest what it does.

A

Melatonin, it makes us feel sleepy.

61
Q

What is the sleep-shift cycle?

A

It is when our biological clock is pushed 1-2 hours later, causing us not to feel sleepy until much later.

62
Q

Define micro-sleep.

A

Micro-sleep is a short period of sleep or drowsiness that occurs when we are awake.

63
Q

True or False

We need to fully compensate for any lost sleep.

A

False.

64
Q

Name some of the effects of sleep deprivation for adolescences.

A

Difficulty concentrating in class, difficulty staying motivated, fatigue, etc.

65
Q

Why do adolescences tend to sleep later in the night?

A
  • The sleep-wake cycle shift, that is the sleep hormone melatonin is released 1-2 hours later, causing the adolescences to sleep later and wake up later.
  • Growing independence, which means that they get to choose their own bedtime.
66
Q

Explain partial and total sleep deprivation.

A

Partial sleep deprivation involves having less than what is required and total sleep deprivation involves not sleep at all.

67
Q

State the psychological and physiological effects of partial sleep deprivation.

A

Physiological
Fatigue, headaches, impaired motor skills.
Psychological
Irritability, lack of motivation, inability to concentrate.

68
Q

State the psychological and physiological effects of total sleep deprivation.

A

Physiological
Shaky hands, slurred speech, drooping eyelids.
Psychological
Hallucinations, delusions.

Daphne VCE Psychology 2015 (13 decks)

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