Chapter 3 part 1 Flashcards
what is the first step in the healing process
disclosing
how was the power of disclosure discovered
convicts in lie detector tests would feel much better after confessing
is opening up actually good for the soul and body
yes better immune response
are clients simply looking for a non judgemental listener
n other want to get the the root of how things get so messed up
you will learn and practice the first set of getting-out-of-the-way techniques in the art of helping. They are called …
invitational skills
Invitational skills are broken into two general categories: …2`
nonverbal skills and opening skills
what are opening skills
Opening skills are verbal catalysts that consist of encouraging statements and questions
when are opening skills used
throughout entire process but more at beginning
what are nonverbal skills in counselling
are the use of eye contact, body position, silence, voice tone, and nonverbal encouragers such as head nodding or hand gestures that invite the client to talk.
should eye contact always be held
no take breaks
list 5 nonverbal skills
eye contact, facilitative body position, appropriate use of silence, nonverbal encouragers, voice tone
what is facilitative body position
“Open” attentive body position, squarely facing the client
Allowing the client to fill in the “voids” in the conversation:T
appropriate use of silence
how should you gauge voice tone
off of the client
what are some nonverbal encouragers
Encouraging the client to open up with appropriate gestures and head nodding
what are opening skills
are verbal encouragers or questions. They ask the client to explore a little deeper but are not very invasive. They also reassure the client that you are following the story.
2 types of openers
encouragers and questions
2 types of encouragers?
door opener, minimal encourager
“Say some more about that.” e.g. of
door opener
“Uh-huh.” “Okay.”
minimal encourager
2 types of questions
open and closed
e.g. of an open question
“Could you tell me what has been going on?”
a way of attending and encouraging without intruding on the client’s telling of the story:T
active listening
One of the biggest distractions from listening is …
is the need to help
does the client notice quick advice
yes disqualifies helper
Michael White, the Australian therapist, calls these stories …
“narratives”
So besides the therapeutic effects of allowing the client to disclose, we also …
gain greater insight into the client’s world
the role of the helper is passive, waiting for the client to finish the tale.
Actually, the helper is listening with full attention so as to understand the facts, the feelings, and the unique perspective of the client
Nonverbal communication is also called ….
body language
what are the 7 ways we speak to others with body language
seven nonverbal ways that we speak to others without words: eye contact, body position, silence, voice tone, facial expressions and gestures, physical distance, and touching
Some writers have suggested that as much as …% of communication takes place on the nonverbal level.
80
It has been estimated that only …% of emotions are conveyed by verbal means, whereas …% are conveyed by the voice and …% by the fac
7
38
55
When … are being expressed, nonverbals are even more significant than what the person is saying
strong emotions
4 functions of nonverbal behaviour?
conveying info, regulate interaction, enhance intimacy, be persuasive
To increase intimacy, we increase …
proximity and use touch.
how do helpers use persuasion
The art of helping also relies on persuasive nonverbal messages to encourage the client to open up.
This discussion brings up an important caution about nonverbal messages. They are … so don’t draw serious conclusions
ambiguous
… is the first and most important indicator of listening
Eye-to-eye contact
In Western culture, we normally associate lack of eye contact with …
dishonesty, indifference, or shame
eye contact can stimulate…
involvement
what to do if Dif culture uses eye contact differently
respect the client’s own way of using eye contact and try to mirror it.
When people discuss difficult situations, are struggling for words, or do not trust the other person, they tend to …
look away
what is eye contact rule of thumb for helper
thumb is to maintain a moderate amount of eye contact while closely monitoring its effect on the client.
Posture may be the most often noticed aspect of body language, so it becomes important to have a “…
posture of involvement.
how should helper conduct body position
It is suggested that the helper lean the torso slightly forward (not the limbs), because leaning forward conveys attentiveness. Helpers normally maintain an open posture—no crossed arms or legs
Words often seem somehow to deny the validity of a person’s grief or are perceived as attempts to sweep feelings under the rug. At these times, the helper falls back on …
attentive silence
helps tend to use too much silence when they are new
f use with experience
3 reasons helper uses silence
Experienced helpers use silence to allow the client to reflect, to communicate empathy, and to take time to think
Clients also feel more positive about a session if the helper talks about one third of the time or less
t
how do we use the clients voice
A client’s voice can give clues to his or her emotional state.
how should helper use their voice
calm and empathy with the voice can help stabilize the situation and give the impression that the helper will not be overwhelmed by the problem
helper should try and match intensity of clients voice
instead, raises the voice slightly or gives emphasis to words that convey that the client’s experience has been understood
All human beings express the six primary emotions of … with the same basic facial expressions regardless of culture
sadness, joy, anger, surprise, disgust, and fear
does culture play a role in facial expressions
different accents
should helper keep a neutral expression or reflect feelings
depends on theoretical approach both can have problems
what are gestures
are physical motions we use to convey emotion or emphasize important points
how should helper use gestures
The listener who is moderately reactive to the client’s content and feelings is more likely to be viewed as friendly, warm, casual, and natural. head nodding for encouragement, a facial expression that indicates concern and interest, and encouraging movements of the hands that are not distracting.
rule of thumb for physical distance?
culturally appropriate distance
Normally, about … is a comfortable space for personal interaction
3 feet (suggest 5 feet)
helpers need to use appropriate touch
t
Shaking hands conveys our …
willingness to connect
Touching another person does increase one’s ability to influence that person
t
touch can be used to emphasize important points
t
what’s the downside of touch
even slight gestures may evoke sexual or fearful feelings in the client
3 guidelines for helper touch
(1) Touch should be appropriate to the situation; (2) touch should not impose a greater level of intimacy than the client can handle; and (3) touch should not communicate a negative message (such as a patronizing pat)
what’s a pro hug
A hug may be a special gesture at the end of the helping relationship, but it may be experienced as forced intimacy when used routinely
is warmth a skill
no Warmth is not a skill but a synthesis of nonverbal communications that can have a powerful effect on a client’s willingness to open up.
what is culture
is the system of shared beliefs, values, taboos, customs, behaviors, and artistic products that a group of people transmits from one generation to the next and that members of the group use to understand their world and each other.
how can you get over helping cultural differences?
differences can lead to a better helping relationship and turn a negative first impression into a source of growth for helper and client.
Beginnings in the helping relationship are messy because …
each person comes in with expectations
should you let them know anything about yourself in the first session?
Some helpers have a printed professional disclosure statement concerning the helper’s schooling, training, as well as what to expect in a helping relationship.
how much of the first session should be paperwork
At least one third of the session must be spent in building the relationship and understanding the client’s problem.
what should you tell them about the helping process
what to expect
“How can I help you?” is this an appropriate way to start a session
yes
should you start the next session with “How was your week?”
Unfortunately, this conveys that the client should recount the recent past and to some extent evokes a social atmosphere. Typically, clients begin to ramble and tell stories.
what should you say instead of how was your week
“Last week we left off talking about how you want to be more assertive in your relationships. Let’s continue to explore how we can deal with this issue.”
The … skills say to the client, “I am ready to listen,” but the … skills say, “Tell me more,”
nonverbal
opening
opening skills fall into 2 categories of soft demands
encouragers and questions
what is encouragement
means “to cause to have heart.” Encouragers are words the helper uses to bolster the client’s courage to confide.
2 types of encouragers?
door openers and minimal encouragers
what do the 2 encouragers have in common
to spark disclosure without taking over the conversation.
what is a door opener
a noncoercive invitation to talk”
evaluative or judgmental responses are “….”
door closers
door openers include …
observations
what are minimal encouragers
are brief supportive statements that convey attention and understanding.
what does a minimal encourager communicate
that you are on track
questioning is not listening
t It is directing the conversation away from what is powerful for the client and fills the need of the helper
Of all the opening skills, … are the most easily abused
questions
why are questions bad often
Even more important is the fact that we are training our clients to answer questions rather than express themselves.
how are you doing?
“How does that make you feel?” which of these is appropriate
neither
questions increase with helper experience
f decrease
when to use?
when you are missing key elements of the story
