Chapter #3 (p. 45/46, 53-55)

Question 1

____ is a term that usually refers to the aftermath of the acute effects of a drug, such as when you go out drinking at night and then feel sick the next day

Answer 1

hangover

Question 2

when can you get withdrawal symptoms?

Answer 2

the opponent process theory tells us that we can expect withdrawal after each administration

Question 3

symptoms of an alcohol hangover can be toxic as well as due to withdrawal, name two of each:

Answer 3

toxic: dehydration and stomach irritation
withdrawal: sensitivity to noise and light

Question 4

An example of a hangover that is mostly a compensatory response occurs after taking cocaine. What happens?

Answer 4

after the euphoric effects of a dose wear off, users often experience a letdown or period of depression

Question 5

How is acute tolerance explained by the opponent process theory?

Answer 5

When you take a drug, its effects will be greatest before the B processes build up. As the B processes get stronger, the strength of the A processes will diminish

Question 6

what happens when you continue to take a drug for weeks or months and always maintain a certain level of the drug in the body?

Answer 6

the compensatory response builds up and withdrawal never occurs - so when you stop taking the drug, compensatory response is expressed as withdrawal

Question 7

what do withdrawal symptoms often exaggerate?

Answer 7

effects opposite those of the drug, indicating they are compensatory responses

Question 8

when the B process gets stronger and kicks in sooner so that the A process almost disappears entirely and the B process is more intense and last longer has important implications for the development of what?

Answer 8

addiction

Question 9

how does slow elimination help with withdrawal effects?

Answer 9

the body might be able to readjust at the pace of the drugs elimination

Question 10

T/F: there is a strong correlation between tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

Answer 10

F - it is not unusual for a person to show considerable tolerance to the effects of a drug but to have no withdrawal symptoms

Question 11

It appears that the placebo effect may be responsible for up to ___% of the effect of antidepressant drugs and ___% of the effect of pain relievers

Answer 11

70; 50

Question 12

The ____ mechanism is a top-down-pain-relieving pathway from the cortex to a pain control center in the lower brain that is capable of blocking pain

Answer 12

expectation

Question 13

What areas of the brain are known to be involved in placebo-induced analgesia?

Answer 13

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex - both areas known to be involved in planning an evaluation of expected events

Question 14

What factor seems to be the most effective in enhancing the placebo effect?

Answer 14

strength of the expectation of a particular drug

Question 15

Besides expectation in receiving a drug, what other factors can enhance the placebo effect?

Answer 15

desire for effective treatment or motivation to avoid pain or other symptoms

Question 16

what is it called when a placebo generates side effects?

Answer 16

the nocebo effect

Question 17

What happens if a drug is administered in a novel environment vs a familiar one?

Answer 17

in a novel environment, the amount of locomotor stimulation is considerably more than would be seen if the drug had been administered in a familiar setting