Chapter 3: Nervous System Organization Flashcards
SNS
- somatic nervous system
- spinal and cranial nerves
self-repair
- very limited in CNS
meninges
- dura mater (outer)
- arachnoid membrane
- pia mater (inner)
CSF
- cerebrospinal fluid
- in subarachnoid space
brain’s blood supply
- two carotid arteries
- two vertebral arteries
stroke
- by blood clot in arteries
- worse when at the base of arteries
stem cells
- number remains constant in adults
- progenitor cells
- precursor cells
- blasts, either neuro- or gliablasts
types of neurons
- sensory
- interneuron
- motor
bipolar neuron
- a sensory neuron
- speeds information conduction
ependymal cells
- form choroid plexus
astroglia
- provide support and nutrition
microglia
- fight infections
- remove debris
oligodendroglia
- insulate CNS neurons
Schwann cells
- insulate PNS neurons
reticular matter
- mix of cell bodies and axons
- net-like appearance
ganglia
- clusters of cells in PNS
ventricles
- two lateral ventricles in cortex
- thrid and fourth in brain stem and spinal cord
cerebral aqueduct
- connects third and fourth ventricle
prosencephalon
- telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon
- just the midbrain
rhombencephalon
metencephalon and myencephalon
telecephalon
- cortex
- basal ganglia
lymbic system
diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- pineal body
- third ventricle
mesencephalon
- tectum
- tegmentum
- cerebral aqueduct
metencephalon
- cerebellum
- pons
- fourth ventricle
myencephalon
- medulla oblongata
- fourth ventricle
cervical
- head and arms
thoraic
- thorax
sacral
- front part of legs and feet
- genitals
coccygeal
- back part of legs and feet
outer spinal cord
- white matter
interior spinal cord
- grey matter
Bell-Magendie law
- motor in anterior root of spinal cord
- sensory in posterior
aims of research on spinal cord injuries
- stopping degeneration
- inducing regrowing
- developing movement aids
reflex to pain and temperature
- flexion reflex
reflex to fine touch and muscle receptors
- extension reflex
posterior brainstem
- for sensory functions
anterior brainstem
- for motor functions
referred pain
- pain from organs
- e.g. heart pain in shoulder and arm
cerebellum
- made up of folia, many narrow folds
- evolved parallel to cortex
pons
- upper brainstem
- vital dunctions, e.g. breathing and heart beat
tectum
- the posterior sensory component
- superior and inferior colliculi
tegmentum
- the anterior motor component
- red nucleus
- subs. nigra
periaqueductal grey matter
- species-typical behavior
- pain responses
epithalamus
- pineal gland (melatonine)
- habenula (hunger and thirst)
cingulate cortex
- sexual behavior
- social interactions
corticality of limbic system
- everything except amygdala is cortical
layers V and VI
- inner layers
- pyramidal neurons
- output
layer IV
- input from other regions
- stellate neurons
- the granulate cortex
layers I, II and III
- input from IV
- integration
four types of cortical connections
- long between lobes
- short within lobes
- interhemispheric = commisures
- connections throught the thalamus
