Chapter 22: Attention and Consciousness

Question 1

synchrony

Answer 1

• globally in brain

- increased chance of EPSP

Question 2

attention

Answer 2

• a top-down process
• selects information
• the “glue”

Question 3

consciousness

Answer 3

• not so selective

- bottom-up

Question 4

dividing attention

Answer 4

• dlPFC

Question 5

shifting attention

Answer 5

• posterior parietal cortex

Question 6

preferred range

Answer 6

• of cells

- if two stimuli fall both in this range, discrimination is more difficult

Question 7

theory of discrete networks of attention

Answer 7

• attention system is anatomically seperate
• not a single process, anatomically distributed
• three disctince networks

Question 8

ARAS

Answer 8

• the alterting netwrok

- key: noadrenergic projection

Question 9

source of serotonine

Answer 9

• dorsal raphe nucleus

- DRN

Question 10

source of ACH

Answer 10

• pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus

- PPTN

Question 11

source of dopamine

Answer 11

• substantia nigra

- SN

Question 12

source of noadrenaline

Answer 12

• locus coeruleus

- LC

Question 13

projection route of ARAS

Answer 13

1. reticular formation
2. thalamus
3. basal forebrain (subcortical)
4. whole cortex

Question 14

orienting network

Answer 14

• selecting sensory modality or spatial location
• frontal eye fields and intraparietal sulcus/sup. parietal
• RH

Question 15

ventral network

Answer 15

• TPJ

- vmPFC

Question 16

dual executive network

Answer 16

• fronto-parietal network and cingulo-opercular network

Question 17

fronto-parietal network

Answer 17

• transient instructions

Question 18

cingulo-operculo network

Answer 18

• sustained activity across a task

Question 19

self-regulation

Answer 19

• developes at 3 to 4 years

- requires executive attentional systems

Question 20

effects of chronic stress

Answer 20

• decreased activity in dl PFC, ACC, premotor and posterior parietal
• deficits in cognitive control

Question 21

inattentional blindness

Answer 21

• perceived, but not conscious

- parietal orienting network filters it out

Question 22

cerebellar lesions

Answer 22

• motor aspect of adaption

Question 23

frontal lobe lesions

Answer 23

• attention aspect of learning

Question 24

consciousness of dorsal stream

Answer 24

• unconscious

Question 25

consciousness of ventral stream

Answer 25

• conscious

Question 26

four processes of consciousness

Answer 26

• arousal
• perception
• attention
• working memory

Question 27

temporal synchrony

Answer 27

• simultaneous firing of distant areas

- indicates awareness

Question 28

persistent vegetative state

Answer 28

• in coma patients
• dlPFC
• medial frontal
• posterior parietal
• posterior cingulate

Question 29

claustrum

Answer 29

• maybe for binding - diverse sensory attributes
• input from whole cortex
• ventral to insula

Question 30

dual systems theory

Answer 30

• system 1 and system 2