Chapter 3: Molecules of Biology Flashcards
organic
- molecules and compounds that contain carbon
- proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
inorganic
- molecules that do not contain carbon
- exception: CO2
amino acids
- 20 different monomers of proteins (the polymer)
- memorize structure of the backbone of amino acid
peptide bond
- bond between polypeptide chains that is formed through dehydration synthesis (the removal of H2O)
- OH of carboxyl group and H of amino group combine together
- broken through hydrolysis (addition of H2O)
protein function
- enzyme
- hormone
- channels
- structural elements
- carriers
- messengers
carbohydrate
- unique: monosaccharide/a single saccharide (monomer) can be called a carbohydrate
- made only of CHO… C:H:O ratio–> 1:2:1
- sugar molecules
glucose and fructose
- monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6
- differ in way double bonded oxygen is oientated
- glucose can form a ring structure
maltose
-disaccharide formed from 2 glucose molecules through removal of one water
C12H22O11
sucrose
-disaccharide that is formed when one glucose combines with one fructose in dehydration synthesis
C12H22O11
polysacchardies
- more than two monosaccharides combined together
- glycogen: animals store glucose
- starch: plants store glucose
- cellulose: forms the plant’s cell walls
- differ in way glucose molecules are linked together
lipid function
- energy storage compounds
- components of cell membranes
- provide insulation and cushioning
hydrocarbon
- monomer of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol
- carbon atom with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it
- hydrocarbon chains are typically 12-24 carbons long and are hydrophobic (nonpolar)
types of lipids
- triglycerides
- cholestrol
- phospholipids
triglycerides
- 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at the end) bonded to a glycerol (alcohol with three carbon atoms)
- fat is stored in this form
phospholipids
- 2 fatty acids, one phosphate group, 1 glycerol
- polar (hydrophilic) on phosphate side (head), nonpolar on fatty acid end (tail)
- form lipid bilayer
cholestrol
- hydrocarbons form rings
- found only in animal cells in the cell membrane to maintain and build cell membrane
- steroid hormones (hydrophobic) are derived from cholestrol
- also found in blood and body tissues
- good cholestrol: HDL
- bad cholestrol: LDL
nucleic acids
- typically found in nucleus of the cell
- monomer: nucleotide
- polymer: nucleic acid (polynucelotide), ex. are DNA and RNA
- nucelotide: backbone (phosphate, sugar), base
- nucleic acids are the different strands of DNA
- order of the nucleotide changes the strand of DNA
- C and G form triple hydrogen bond (more stable)
- A and T form double hydrogen bond
- A and G are purines (larger molecule)
- C and T are pyridimines
RNA
- single-strandedness allows for it to assume many different shapes (not restricted by the double helix)
- can form base pairs with itself
- uracil instead of thymine
atoms
-fundamental units of the physical world
molecule
-composed of individual atoms combined together
element
-molecule with only one type of an atom
compound
-molecule with different types of atoms combined in an ionic bond
macromolecule
-large organic molecule
polymer
-strings of repeated units
monomers
-individual units of a polymer
protein
- many amino acids in a long chain
- also known as a polypeptide (held together by peptide bonds)
- have 3D shapes and different functions
lipid
-fats
DNA
- double spiral of DNA strands (double helix) that was discovered by Watson and Crick (using the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins)
- two strand of DNA line up next to each other so that the bases bond together and form the rungs and the sugar-phosphate forms the sides of the ladder
complementary DNA strands
-two strands of DNA that can form base pairs with each other at the nucleotide
