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Cracking the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test > Chapter 13: Processing, Support, and Reproduction: The Digestive, Urinary, Skeletal. Muscular, and Developmental Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Processing, Support, and Reproduction: The Digestive, Urinary, Skeletal. Muscular, and Developmental Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

digestive system

A

-takes food into the body, breaks it down, and absorbs nutrients

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2
Q

urinary system

A

-removes metabolic waste from the blood

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3
Q

skeletal system

A
  • supports the body
  • protects body
  • allows movement (along with the muscular system)
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4
Q

muscular system

A

-makes movement possible

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5
Q

skin

A

-protects body and regulates body temperature

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6
Q

reproductive system

A

-produces the cells necessary to produce offspring

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7
Q

alimentary canal

A
  • long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth, goes to esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and ends at the anus where feces is eliminated
  • all can perform peristalsis
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8
Q

accessory organs

A
  • organs that play a role in digestion, but are not directly involved
  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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9
Q

peristalsis

A

-rhythmic, wavelike contractions that push the food down to the stomach from the esophagus

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10
Q

exocrine system

A

-pancreas tucked into a loop of small intestine

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11
Q

exocrine secretion

A
  • secretion that occurs outside the blood (released into body cavities or onto the body surface)
  • ex: digestive enzymes, saliva, mucus, tears, and sweat
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12
Q

ingestion

A

-intake of food into the system

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13
Q

bolus

A

-lump of food that has been ground by the teeth and tongue

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14
Q

saliva

A
  • made up of water and mucus

- moistens food and clumps it together to form bolus

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15
Q

amylase

A

-digestive enzyme in saliva that catalyzes the breakdown of starch (carbohydrate)

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16
Q

stomach

A
  • pH between 1 and 2 (bc HCl)
  • pepsin (gastric protease): enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids and is formed when pepsinogen is transformed due to low pH
  • chyme: mush that leaves the stomach
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17
Q

small intestine

A
  • site of most digestion and absorption
  • chyme is then subjected to bile
  • has internal folds and villi to increase absorption of nutrients by the small intestine which goes to blood and then liver for processing
  • hepatic portal system: capillaries from intestines merge to form portal veins that divide into capillaries again once they reach the liver (helps transfer of nutrients)
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18
Q

bile

A
  • produced by the liver
  • stored in the gallbladder
  • used to emulsify (break up) fats contained in chyme (hydrophillic) so it can mix with fats (hydrophobic)
  • also allows for real fat-digesting enzymes (lipases) to gain easier access to fat
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19
Q

liver

A
  • stores glycogen
  • produces glucose
  • metabolizes fat
  • produces blood proteins
  • stores vitamins
  • detoxifies the blood
  • produce bile
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20
Q

pancreas

A
  • secretes at least one enzyme for each type of food digested by the small intestine
  • secretes amylase, lipase, protease
  • secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid so enzymes can function
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21
Q

large intestine (colon)

A
  • responsible for reabsorbing water from chyme to create feces
  • no digestion occurs
  • contains large amount of E.coli (nonpathogenic) that help keep pathogenic bacteria from growing and supply our body with vitamin K
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22
Q

fish, amphibians, turtles, snakes, and lizards

A

-same organs in alimentary canal

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23
Q

crocodiles, alligators, and birds

A
  • same organs in alimentary canal

- crop to store food and gizzard for grinding in their digestive tract

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24
Q

nutrients

A

-water, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins

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25
Q

water, mineral, vitamins

A

-require no digestion because they’re small molecules

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26
Q

digestion

A
  • breaking of large complex molecules into molecules small enough to cross the cell membranes and enter the bloodstream
  • requires water (hydrolysis)
27
Q

amylase

A

-breaks down carbohydrates into glucose

28
Q

protease

A

-breaks down proteins into amino acids

29
Q

lipase

A

-breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

30
Q

vitamin A

A
  • needed to make retinal, a chemical necessary for sight

- deficiency: causes night blindness

31
Q

vitamin B

A
  • many different forms
  • needed for cellular respiration and DNA replication
  • deficiency: skin disorders, mental confusion, anemia
32
Q

vitamin C

A
  • needed to make collagen (fiber in connective tissue)

- deficiency: wounds won’t heal

33
Q

vitamin D

A
  • needed for calcium absorption

- weak bones and teeth

34
Q

vitamin E

A
  • needed to protect cell membranes from damage

- deficiency: anemia

35
Q

vitamin K

A
  • needed for blood clotting

- deficiency: bruise easily and bleed excessively

36
Q

iron

A
  • mineral needed in hemoglobin

- deficiency: anemia

37
Q

calcium

A
  • mineral needed for strong bones and teeth, needed for muscle contraction
  • deficiency: rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (bone weakening in adults)
38
Q

iodine

A
  • mineral needed to make thyroxin

- deficiency: decreased metabolic rate (hypothyroidism)

39
Q

kidneys

A
  • filters waste products from the blood and eliminates it as urine
  • monitors blood pressure by releasing renin (causes production of angiotensin II chemical that causes the constriction of blood vessels) when the blood pressure is low–> ex of positive feedback
  • contain a million nephrons each
  • blood enters through the renal arteries that branch into capillaries
40
Q

urine

A
  • 3 main waste products
  • urea: from breakdown of amino acids
  • uric acid: from the breakdown of nucleic acids
  • creatinine: waste product from muscle metabolism
41
Q

filtration

A
  • glomerulus: tiny “knot” of capillaries at the beginning of nephron
  • sits in “cup-like” structure called Bowman’s capsule
  • have pores in their walls that allows plasma to exit based on blood pressure, leaving behind cells and proteins
  • filtrate: plasma that enters the Bowman’s capsule and travels down tubules of the nephron and exits the body as urine
  • left in tubules: body wants to eliminate
  • urine travels down uterus to be stored in the bladder and eliminated through erethra
42
Q

reabsorption

A
  • process of taking substances out of the filtrate and returning them to the blood
  • glucose and amino acids are always reabsorbed
43
Q

secretion

A
  • taking substances out of the blood and adding them to the filtrate
  • creatinine is always secreted
44
Q

nephron

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule: small, twisted-up tube that is close to the glomerulus
  • loop of Henle: where a lot of water is reabsorbed and salt is transported out of the filtrate to the tissues of the kidney creating a concentration gradient that increases the amount of water that can be absorbed
  • distal convoluted tubule: farther from glomerulus, site of reabsorption and secretion, where aldosterone can affect
  • collecting duct: receives filtrate from nephrons, controls water reabsorption based on concentration gradient created by loop of Henle (impermeable to water without antidiruretic hormone)
  • ADH levels are high when the body is dehydrated
45
Q

other animals

A
  • fish: excrete nitrogen in form of ammonia
  • adult amphibians and turtles, mammals: urea
  • reptiles and birds: uric acid
  • worms: metanephridia
  • insects: malphigian tubules
46
Q

vertebrates

A

-animals with backbones that have endoskeletons

47
Q

exoskeleton

A
  • skeletons outside body made of chitin (hard shells)

- arthropods

48
Q

ligaments

A

-hold bones together at joints

49
Q

tendons

A

-attach muscles to bones

50
Q

postural muscles

A

-help support the body in an upright position

51
Q

smooth muscle

A

-found in the walls of hollow organs such as stomach intestines and bladder

52
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary movement

- long cells with many nuclei (multinucleate)

53
Q

muscle tisse

A
  • made mostly of proteins
  • actin forms long chains
  • myosin form thick fibers
  • actin and myosin–> sacromere–> myofibril–> muscle cell–> fasicle–> whole muscle
54
Q

sliding filament theory

A
  • actin binds to Z-lines, myosiin is in between actin filaments (contraction drags actin inward)
  • actin shortening makes sacromeres shorten, then myofibrils, etc.
55
Q

epidermis

A

-thick layer of dead skin cells

56
Q

dermis

A

-thick layer of connective tissue underneath the epidermis that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands

57
Q

hypodermis

A

-deep layer of fat that insulates the body

58
Q

skin

A
  • protect against abraision, heat loss, water loss, infection, radiation
  • produce vitamin D
  • sensation
  • thermoregulation
59
Q

poikilothermic

A

-ectothermic

60
Q

utuerus

A

-controlled by estrogen and progesterone

61
Q

ovaries

A

-controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland (FSH and LH)

62
Q

uterine cycle

A
  • menstruation: shedding of old uterine lining (endometrium)
  • proliferative phase: new uterine lining is built (Day 6-13)
  • secretory phase: uterine lining is maintained and enhanced in preparation for possible pregnancy
63
Q

ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular phase: development of a follicle (maturing oocyte and its surrounding cells) in the ovary
  • ovulation: release of the oocyte from the follicle into the uterine, large surge of LH
  • luteal phase: part of the follicle left behind matures into the corpus luteum (secretes more estrogen and progesterone)
  • when corpus luteum degenerates, the cycle begins again

Cracking the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test (14 decks)

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