Chapter 13: Processing, Support, and Reproduction: The Digestive, Urinary, Skeletal. Muscular, and Developmental Systems Flashcards
digestive system
-takes food into the body, breaks it down, and absorbs nutrients
urinary system
-removes metabolic waste from the blood
skeletal system
- supports the body
- protects body
- allows movement (along with the muscular system)
muscular system
-makes movement possible
skin
-protects body and regulates body temperature
reproductive system
-produces the cells necessary to produce offspring
alimentary canal
- long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth, goes to esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and ends at the anus where feces is eliminated
- all can perform peristalsis
accessory organs
- organs that play a role in digestion, but are not directly involved
- teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
peristalsis
-rhythmic, wavelike contractions that push the food down to the stomach from the esophagus
exocrine system
-pancreas tucked into a loop of small intestine
exocrine secretion
- secretion that occurs outside the blood (released into body cavities or onto the body surface)
- ex: digestive enzymes, saliva, mucus, tears, and sweat
ingestion
-intake of food into the system
bolus
-lump of food that has been ground by the teeth and tongue
saliva
- made up of water and mucus
- moistens food and clumps it together to form bolus
amylase
-digestive enzyme in saliva that catalyzes the breakdown of starch (carbohydrate)
stomach
- pH between 1 and 2 (bc HCl)
- pepsin (gastric protease): enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids and is formed when pepsinogen is transformed due to low pH
- chyme: mush that leaves the stomach
small intestine
- site of most digestion and absorption
- chyme is then subjected to bile
- has internal folds and villi to increase absorption of nutrients by the small intestine which goes to blood and then liver for processing
- hepatic portal system: capillaries from intestines merge to form portal veins that divide into capillaries again once they reach the liver (helps transfer of nutrients)
bile
- produced by the liver
- stored in the gallbladder
- used to emulsify (break up) fats contained in chyme (hydrophillic) so it can mix with fats (hydrophobic)
- also allows for real fat-digesting enzymes (lipases) to gain easier access to fat
liver
- stores glycogen
- produces glucose
- metabolizes fat
- produces blood proteins
- stores vitamins
- detoxifies the blood
- produce bile
pancreas
- secretes at least one enzyme for each type of food digested by the small intestine
- secretes amylase, lipase, protease
- secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid so enzymes can function
large intestine (colon)
- responsible for reabsorbing water from chyme to create feces
- no digestion occurs
- contains large amount of E.coli (nonpathogenic) that help keep pathogenic bacteria from growing and supply our body with vitamin K
fish, amphibians, turtles, snakes, and lizards
-same organs in alimentary canal
crocodiles, alligators, and birds
- same organs in alimentary canal
- crop to store food and gizzard for grinding in their digestive tract
nutrients
-water, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins
water, mineral, vitamins
-require no digestion because they’re small molecules
digestion
- breaking of large complex molecules into molecules small enough to cross the cell membranes and enter the bloodstream
- requires water (hydrolysis)
amylase
-breaks down carbohydrates into glucose
protease
-breaks down proteins into amino acids
lipase
-breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
vitamin A
- needed to make retinal, a chemical necessary for sight
- deficiency: causes night blindness
vitamin B
- many different forms
- needed for cellular respiration and DNA replication
- deficiency: skin disorders, mental confusion, anemia
vitamin C
- needed to make collagen (fiber in connective tissue)
- deficiency: wounds won’t heal
vitamin D
- needed for calcium absorption
- weak bones and teeth
vitamin E
- needed to protect cell membranes from damage
- deficiency: anemia
vitamin K
- needed for blood clotting
- deficiency: bruise easily and bleed excessively
iron
- mineral needed in hemoglobin
- deficiency: anemia
calcium
- mineral needed for strong bones and teeth, needed for muscle contraction
- deficiency: rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (bone weakening in adults)
iodine
- mineral needed to make thyroxin
- deficiency: decreased metabolic rate (hypothyroidism)
kidneys
- filters waste products from the blood and eliminates it as urine
- monitors blood pressure by releasing renin (causes production of angiotensin II chemical that causes the constriction of blood vessels) when the blood pressure is low–> ex of positive feedback
- contain a million nephrons each
- blood enters through the renal arteries that branch into capillaries
urine
- 3 main waste products
- urea: from breakdown of amino acids
- uric acid: from the breakdown of nucleic acids
- creatinine: waste product from muscle metabolism
filtration
- glomerulus: tiny “knot” of capillaries at the beginning of nephron
- sits in “cup-like” structure called Bowman’s capsule
- have pores in their walls that allows plasma to exit based on blood pressure, leaving behind cells and proteins
- filtrate: plasma that enters the Bowman’s capsule and travels down tubules of the nephron and exits the body as urine
- left in tubules: body wants to eliminate
- urine travels down uterus to be stored in the bladder and eliminated through erethra
reabsorption
- process of taking substances out of the filtrate and returning them to the blood
- glucose and amino acids are always reabsorbed
secretion
- taking substances out of the blood and adding them to the filtrate
- creatinine is always secreted
nephron
- proximal convoluted tubule: small, twisted-up tube that is close to the glomerulus
- loop of Henle: where a lot of water is reabsorbed and salt is transported out of the filtrate to the tissues of the kidney creating a concentration gradient that increases the amount of water that can be absorbed
- distal convoluted tubule: farther from glomerulus, site of reabsorption and secretion, where aldosterone can affect
- collecting duct: receives filtrate from nephrons, controls water reabsorption based on concentration gradient created by loop of Henle (impermeable to water without antidiruretic hormone)
- ADH levels are high when the body is dehydrated
other animals
- fish: excrete nitrogen in form of ammonia
- adult amphibians and turtles, mammals: urea
- reptiles and birds: uric acid
- worms: metanephridia
- insects: malphigian tubules
vertebrates
-animals with backbones that have endoskeletons
exoskeleton
- skeletons outside body made of chitin (hard shells)
- arthropods
ligaments
-hold bones together at joints
tendons
-attach muscles to bones
postural muscles
-help support the body in an upright position
smooth muscle
-found in the walls of hollow organs such as stomach intestines and bladder
skeletal muscle
- voluntary movement
- long cells with many nuclei (multinucleate)
muscle tisse
- made mostly of proteins
- actin forms long chains
- myosin form thick fibers
- actin and myosin–> sacromere–> myofibril–> muscle cell–> fasicle–> whole muscle
sliding filament theory
- actin binds to Z-lines, myosiin is in between actin filaments (contraction drags actin inward)
- actin shortening makes sacromeres shorten, then myofibrils, etc.
epidermis
-thick layer of dead skin cells
dermis
-thick layer of connective tissue underneath the epidermis that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands
hypodermis
-deep layer of fat that insulates the body
skin
- protect against abraision, heat loss, water loss, infection, radiation
- produce vitamin D
- sensation
- thermoregulation
poikilothermic
-ectothermic
utuerus
-controlled by estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
-controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland (FSH and LH)
uterine cycle
- menstruation: shedding of old uterine lining (endometrium)
- proliferative phase: new uterine lining is built (Day 6-13)
- secretory phase: uterine lining is maintained and enhanced in preparation for possible pregnancy
ovarian cycle
- follicular phase: development of a follicle (maturing oocyte and its surrounding cells) in the ovary
- ovulation: release of the oocyte from the follicle into the uterine, large surge of LH
- luteal phase: part of the follicle left behind matures into the corpus luteum (secretes more estrogen and progesterone)
- when corpus luteum degenerates, the cycle begins again
