Chapter 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

circulatory system

A
  • transports needed material to the cells and carries away waste materials
  • heart, blood vessels, blood
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2
Q

lymphatic systems

A
  • recaptures and filters fluid from the tissues and returns it to the blood stream
  • network of vessels that begins at the tissues and ends at the veins before the heart
  • prevents a decrease in blood volume and swelling of tissues
  • lymph nodes filter the fluid before returning it
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3
Q

respiratory system

A
  • takes oxygen into the body and releases CO2
  • regulates pH
  • moves air in and out of body
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4
Q

closed circulatory system

A

-blood is carried in vessels

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5
Q

open circulatory system

A
  • blood (hemolymph in these organisms) abthes organs in their body cavities
  • ex: arthropods
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6
Q

blood

A

-consists of plasma and red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that float in the fluid plasma

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7
Q

plasma

A
  • makes up 50% of blood volume

- has dissolved glucose, hormones, ions, gasses, and proteins (such as albumin)

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8
Q

red blood cells

A
  • compose 45% of blood volume
  • filled with a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen
  • only cells in the body without a nucleus
  • made partly of iron
    anemia: not enough iron leads to not enough oxygen and then lower production of ATP
  • made in bone marrow
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9
Q

white blood cells

A
  • phagoctyes: engulf anything potentially harmful to the body
  • lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells that participate in immunity
  • made in bone marrow
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10
Q

B-cells

A

-make antibodies (mark foreign materials for destruction)

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11
Q

T-cells

A
  • Helper T-cells: help B-cells and other T-cells divide
  • Killer T-cells: kill any cells that have been infected by viruses (killer T-cells kill cells that have been taken over by viruses)
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12
Q

HIV

A
  • infects and lives in helper T-cells, killing the hyper T cells in the process
  • patients with AIDS (caused by HIV) often die of other diseases due to their inability to fight infection
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13
Q

platelets

A
  • small structures that are necessary for clotting
  • secretes substance that converts soluble blood protein fibrinogen into insoluble threads of fibrin
  • made in bone marrow
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14
Q

blood typing

A

-determined by the type of proteins that sit on the surface of red blood cells

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15
Q

I gene

A

-gene for the most common blood typing system (ABO group)
I^A (A protein), I^B (B protein), and i (absence of protein) are the three alleles of the gene
-individual has two alleles to create a blood type
-blood type O: ii
-blood type A: IAIA or IAi
-blood type B: IBIB or IBi
-blood type AB: IAIB (produces both proteins)

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16
Q

codominant

A
  • if both alleles for a gene are present and expressed separately
  • ex: blood type
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17
Q

agglutination

A

-clumping of red blood cells when the body does not recognize the proteins of newly received red blood cells

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18
Q

universal recipient

A

-AB blood has both A and B proteins, so it can receive any blood type

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19
Q

universal donor

A

-O blood because it has no proteins for the body to detect and react to

20
Q

blood vessels

A
  • lead away from the heart and enter tissues and then return to the heart
  • artery
  • veins
  • capillaries
21
Q

artery

A
  • vessel that carries blood away from the heart
  • have high blood pressure
  • has thick walls that changes diameter to regulate blood flow
  • branches and becomes arterioles, and then capilaries
  • often carries oxygen rich blood
22
Q

veins

A
  • vessel that carries blood to the heart

- low pressure

23
Q

capillaries

A
  • smallest blood vessels in the body
  • site of exchange between blood and tissues
  • blood flow is slow
  • nutrients and oxygen enter tissues and waste is taken away
  • become venules, and then veins
  • veins get squeezed as the body moves around, allowing for blood to go back to the heart
  • have valves to ensure that blood moves in one direction
  • do not regulate flow or have muscular walls
  • artery side has higher blood pressure
  • vein side has lower blood pressure, leading to the inability of fluid to all be passed back to the capillaries causing a loss of intracellular fluid to the tissues
24
Q

lymph nodes

A

-concentrated areas of white blood cells

25
lymphatic vessels
- low pressure - no muscle in their walls - fluid inside is called lymph - move through the vessels bc nearby skeletal muscles will squeeze the muscles when they contract
26
edema
- swelling of parts of the body due to trapped fluid in the tissues - often caused by remaining in one position for too long
27
heart
- pump of blood - 4 chambers: right and left atrium, right and left ventricle - blood from the body enters the heart from veins that empty into the atria and leaves the heart through arteries from the ventricle - right side of the heart: pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit - left side of the heart: pumps blood through the systemic circuit
28
pulmonary circuit
- blood returning from tissues and blood that is leaving for the lungs to get O2 and release CO2 - blood enters the heart through the anterior vena cava (superior) and posterior ana cava (inferior) veins - leaves in pulmonary artery - blood returns through pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium
29
systemic circuit
-blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle where it leaves through the aorta to the body
30
valves
- keep blood flowing in the correct direction - atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles - semilunar valves: between ventricles and arteries - close one at a time in the heart - causes the lub-dup sound
31
sinoatrial node
-begins the heartbeat in the right atrium
32
systole
-when contraction occurs
33
diastole
-when relaxation occurs
34
systolic pressire
-caused by the contraction of ventricles
35
diastolic pressure
-caused by the relaxation of ventricles
36
hypertension
-high blood pressure
37
fish
-two chambered heart
38
amphibians, turtles, snakes, lizzards
- three chambered heart with two circuits of blood flow - lungs - skin is also a site for exchange of gasses in most amphibians
39
crocodiles, alligators, birds
- 4 chamber heart with two circuits of blood flow | - lungs like mammals
40
arthropods
-open circulatory system
41
ventilation
-move air in and out of the lungs
42
conduction zone
- parts of the respiratory system that are designed to conduct air in and out only (no exchange of gasses) - nose (air is warmed flitered) - pharynx (throat), - larynx (voice box) - trachea (windpipe) - right and left primary bronchi (which lead to right and left lung) - bronchioles (smaller tubes lined with cells that secrete mucus and cilia that sweep dirty mucus out of the system)
43
respiratory zone
- takes place at the alveoli (bubbles of tissue in small bronchioles with very little mucus) - clumps of alveoli are surrounded by capillaries that give CO2 to the alveoli - alveoli gives O2 to the capillaries - ex of passive diffusion bc gasses are hydrophobic
44
pH of blood
7.4
45
pH regulation by the respiratory system
- faster than kidneys - ensures that enzymes of cells function - when there is excess CO2 (hydrophobic) in the body, carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid that can travel through plasma of the blood (hydrophillic) and exit - breathe faster: get rid of more CO2 which is acidic - medulla oblongata monitors pH
46
breathing
- muscles in the chest wall and along the bottom of the lungs (diaphragm) expand and contract the chest (thoracic) cavity expand and contract the lungs - natural position diaphragm: curved, expanded: straight - inspiration: chest cavity increases in volume causing a decrease in air pressure, causing air to rush to the lungs - expiration: decrease in volume of chest cavity causing an increase in the pressure on lungs that forces the air out