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Cracking the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test > Chapter 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

circulatory system

A
  • transports needed material to the cells and carries away waste materials
  • heart, blood vessels, blood
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2
Q

lymphatic systems

A
  • recaptures and filters fluid from the tissues and returns it to the blood stream
  • network of vessels that begins at the tissues and ends at the veins before the heart
  • prevents a decrease in blood volume and swelling of tissues
  • lymph nodes filter the fluid before returning it
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3
Q

respiratory system

A
  • takes oxygen into the body and releases CO2
  • regulates pH
  • moves air in and out of body
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4
Q

closed circulatory system

A

-blood is carried in vessels

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5
Q

open circulatory system

A
  • blood (hemolymph in these organisms) abthes organs in their body cavities
  • ex: arthropods
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6
Q

blood

A

-consists of plasma and red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that float in the fluid plasma

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7
Q

plasma

A
  • makes up 50% of blood volume

- has dissolved glucose, hormones, ions, gasses, and proteins (such as albumin)

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8
Q

red blood cells

A
  • compose 45% of blood volume
  • filled with a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen
  • only cells in the body without a nucleus
  • made partly of iron
    anemia: not enough iron leads to not enough oxygen and then lower production of ATP
  • made in bone marrow
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9
Q

white blood cells

A
  • phagoctyes: engulf anything potentially harmful to the body
  • lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells that participate in immunity
  • made in bone marrow
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10
Q

B-cells

A

-make antibodies (mark foreign materials for destruction)

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11
Q

T-cells

A
  • Helper T-cells: help B-cells and other T-cells divide
  • Killer T-cells: kill any cells that have been infected by viruses (killer T-cells kill cells that have been taken over by viruses)
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12
Q

HIV

A
  • infects and lives in helper T-cells, killing the hyper T cells in the process
  • patients with AIDS (caused by HIV) often die of other diseases due to their inability to fight infection
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13
Q

platelets

A
  • small structures that are necessary for clotting
  • secretes substance that converts soluble blood protein fibrinogen into insoluble threads of fibrin
  • made in bone marrow
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14
Q

blood typing

A

-determined by the type of proteins that sit on the surface of red blood cells

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15
Q

I gene

A

-gene for the most common blood typing system (ABO group)
I^A (A protein), I^B (B protein), and i (absence of protein) are the three alleles of the gene
-individual has two alleles to create a blood type
-blood type O: ii
-blood type A: IAIA or IAi
-blood type B: IBIB or IBi
-blood type AB: IAIB (produces both proteins)

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16
Q

codominant

A
  • if both alleles for a gene are present and expressed separately
  • ex: blood type
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17
Q

agglutination

A

-clumping of red blood cells when the body does not recognize the proteins of newly received red blood cells

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18
Q

universal recipient

A

-AB blood has both A and B proteins, so it can receive any blood type

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19
Q

universal donor

A

-O blood because it has no proteins for the body to detect and react to

20
Q

blood vessels

A
  • lead away from the heart and enter tissues and then return to the heart
  • artery
  • veins
  • capillaries
21
Q

artery

A
  • vessel that carries blood away from the heart
  • have high blood pressure
  • has thick walls that changes diameter to regulate blood flow
  • branches and becomes arterioles, and then capilaries
  • often carries oxygen rich blood
22
Q

veins

A
  • vessel that carries blood to the heart

- low pressure

23
Q

capillaries

A
  • smallest blood vessels in the body
  • site of exchange between blood and tissues
  • blood flow is slow
  • nutrients and oxygen enter tissues and waste is taken away
  • become venules, and then veins
  • veins get squeezed as the body moves around, allowing for blood to go back to the heart
  • have valves to ensure that blood moves in one direction
  • do not regulate flow or have muscular walls
  • artery side has higher blood pressure
  • vein side has lower blood pressure, leading to the inability of fluid to all be passed back to the capillaries causing a loss of intracellular fluid to the tissues
24
Q

lymph nodes

A

-concentrated areas of white blood cells

25
Q

lymphatic vessels

A
  • low pressure
  • no muscle in their walls
  • fluid inside is called lymph
  • move through the vessels bc nearby skeletal muscles will squeeze the muscles when they contract
26
Q

edema

A
  • swelling of parts of the body due to trapped fluid in the tissues
  • often caused by remaining in one position for too long
27
Q

heart

A
  • pump of blood
  • 4 chambers: right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
  • blood from the body enters the heart from veins that empty into the atria and leaves the heart through arteries from the ventricle
  • right side of the heart: pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit
  • left side of the heart: pumps blood through the systemic circuit
28
Q

pulmonary circuit

A
  • blood returning from tissues and blood that is leaving for the lungs to get O2 and release CO2
  • blood enters the heart through the anterior vena cava (superior) and posterior ana cava (inferior) veins
  • leaves in pulmonary artery
  • blood returns through pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium
29
Q

systemic circuit

A

-blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle where it leaves through the aorta to the body

30
Q

valves

A
  • keep blood flowing in the correct direction
  • atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles
  • semilunar valves: between ventricles and arteries
  • close one at a time in the heart
  • causes the lub-dup sound
31
Q

sinoatrial node

A

-begins the heartbeat in the right atrium

32
Q

systole

A

-when contraction occurs

33
Q

diastole

A

-when relaxation occurs

34
Q

systolic pressire

A

-caused by the contraction of ventricles

35
Q

diastolic pressure

A

-caused by the relaxation of ventricles

36
Q

hypertension

A

-high blood pressure

37
Q

fish

A

-two chambered heart

38
Q

amphibians, turtles, snakes, lizzards

A
  • three chambered heart with two circuits of blood flow
  • lungs
  • skin is also a site for exchange of gasses in most amphibians
39
Q

crocodiles, alligators, birds

A
  • 4 chamber heart with two circuits of blood flow

- lungs like mammals

40
Q

arthropods

A

-open circulatory system

41
Q

ventilation

A

-move air in and out of the lungs

42
Q

conduction zone

A
  • parts of the respiratory system that are designed to conduct air in and out only (no exchange of gasses)
  • nose (air is warmed flitered)
  • pharynx (throat),
  • larynx (voice box)
  • trachea (windpipe)
  • right and left primary bronchi (which lead to right and left lung)
  • bronchioles (smaller tubes lined with cells that secrete mucus and cilia that sweep dirty mucus out of the system)
43
Q

respiratory zone

A
  • takes place at the alveoli (bubbles of tissue in small bronchioles with very little mucus)
  • clumps of alveoli are surrounded by capillaries that give CO2 to the alveoli
  • alveoli gives O2 to the capillaries
  • ex of passive diffusion bc gasses are hydrophobic
44
Q

pH of blood

A

7.4

45
Q

pH regulation by the respiratory system

A
  • faster than kidneys
  • ensures that enzymes of cells function
  • when there is excess CO2 (hydrophobic) in the body, carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid that can travel through plasma of the blood (hydrophillic) and exit
  • breathe faster: get rid of more CO2 which is acidic
  • medulla oblongata monitors pH
46
Q

breathing

A
  • muscles in the chest wall and along the bottom of the lungs (diaphragm) expand and contract the chest (thoracic) cavity expand and contract the lungs
  • natural position diaphragm: curved, expanded: straight
  • inspiration: chest cavity increases in volume causing a decrease in air pressure, causing air to rush to the lungs
  • expiration: decrease in volume of chest cavity causing an increase in the pressure on lungs that forces the air out

Cracking the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test (14 decks)

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