Chapter 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
circulatory system
- transports needed material to the cells and carries away waste materials
- heart, blood vessels, blood
lymphatic systems
- recaptures and filters fluid from the tissues and returns it to the blood stream
- network of vessels that begins at the tissues and ends at the veins before the heart
- prevents a decrease in blood volume and swelling of tissues
- lymph nodes filter the fluid before returning it
respiratory system
- takes oxygen into the body and releases CO2
- regulates pH
- moves air in and out of body
closed circulatory system
-blood is carried in vessels
open circulatory system
- blood (hemolymph in these organisms) abthes organs in their body cavities
- ex: arthropods
blood
-consists of plasma and red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that float in the fluid plasma
plasma
- makes up 50% of blood volume
- has dissolved glucose, hormones, ions, gasses, and proteins (such as albumin)
red blood cells
- compose 45% of blood volume
- filled with a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen
- only cells in the body without a nucleus
- made partly of iron
anemia: not enough iron leads to not enough oxygen and then lower production of ATP - made in bone marrow
white blood cells
- phagoctyes: engulf anything potentially harmful to the body
- lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells that participate in immunity
- made in bone marrow
B-cells
-make antibodies (mark foreign materials for destruction)
T-cells
- Helper T-cells: help B-cells and other T-cells divide
- Killer T-cells: kill any cells that have been infected by viruses (killer T-cells kill cells that have been taken over by viruses)
HIV
- infects and lives in helper T-cells, killing the hyper T cells in the process
- patients with AIDS (caused by HIV) often die of other diseases due to their inability to fight infection
platelets
- small structures that are necessary for clotting
- secretes substance that converts soluble blood protein fibrinogen into insoluble threads of fibrin
- made in bone marrow
blood typing
-determined by the type of proteins that sit on the surface of red blood cells
I gene
-gene for the most common blood typing system (ABO group)
I^A (A protein), I^B (B protein), and i (absence of protein) are the three alleles of the gene
-individual has two alleles to create a blood type
-blood type O: ii
-blood type A: IAIA or IAi
-blood type B: IBIB or IBi
-blood type AB: IAIB (produces both proteins)
codominant
- if both alleles for a gene are present and expressed separately
- ex: blood type
agglutination
-clumping of red blood cells when the body does not recognize the proteins of newly received red blood cells
universal recipient
-AB blood has both A and B proteins, so it can receive any blood type
universal donor
-O blood because it has no proteins for the body to detect and react to
blood vessels
- lead away from the heart and enter tissues and then return to the heart
- artery
- veins
- capillaries
artery
- vessel that carries blood away from the heart
- have high blood pressure
- has thick walls that changes diameter to regulate blood flow
- branches and becomes arterioles, and then capilaries
- often carries oxygen rich blood
veins
- vessel that carries blood to the heart
- low pressure
capillaries
- smallest blood vessels in the body
- site of exchange between blood and tissues
- blood flow is slow
- nutrients and oxygen enter tissues and waste is taken away
- become venules, and then veins
- veins get squeezed as the body moves around, allowing for blood to go back to the heart
- have valves to ensure that blood moves in one direction
- do not regulate flow or have muscular walls
- artery side has higher blood pressure
- vein side has lower blood pressure, leading to the inability of fluid to all be passed back to the capillaries causing a loss of intracellular fluid to the tissues
lymph nodes
-concentrated areas of white blood cells
lymphatic vessels
- low pressure
- no muscle in their walls
- fluid inside is called lymph
- move through the vessels bc nearby skeletal muscles will squeeze the muscles when they contract
edema
- swelling of parts of the body due to trapped fluid in the tissues
- often caused by remaining in one position for too long
heart
- pump of blood
- 4 chambers: right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
- blood from the body enters the heart from veins that empty into the atria and leaves the heart through arteries from the ventricle
- right side of the heart: pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit
- left side of the heart: pumps blood through the systemic circuit
pulmonary circuit
- blood returning from tissues and blood that is leaving for the lungs to get O2 and release CO2
- blood enters the heart through the anterior vena cava (superior) and posterior ana cava (inferior) veins
- leaves in pulmonary artery
- blood returns through pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium
systemic circuit
-blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle where it leaves through the aorta to the body
valves
- keep blood flowing in the correct direction
- atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles
- semilunar valves: between ventricles and arteries
- close one at a time in the heart
- causes the lub-dup sound
sinoatrial node
-begins the heartbeat in the right atrium
systole
-when contraction occurs
diastole
-when relaxation occurs
systolic pressire
-caused by the contraction of ventricles
diastolic pressure
-caused by the relaxation of ventricles
hypertension
-high blood pressure
fish
-two chambered heart
amphibians, turtles, snakes, lizzards
- three chambered heart with two circuits of blood flow
- lungs
- skin is also a site for exchange of gasses in most amphibians
crocodiles, alligators, birds
- 4 chamber heart with two circuits of blood flow
- lungs like mammals
arthropods
-open circulatory system
ventilation
-move air in and out of the lungs
conduction zone
- parts of the respiratory system that are designed to conduct air in and out only (no exchange of gasses)
- nose (air is warmed flitered)
- pharynx (throat),
- larynx (voice box)
- trachea (windpipe)
- right and left primary bronchi (which lead to right and left lung)
- bronchioles (smaller tubes lined with cells that secrete mucus and cilia that sweep dirty mucus out of the system)
respiratory zone
- takes place at the alveoli (bubbles of tissue in small bronchioles with very little mucus)
- clumps of alveoli are surrounded by capillaries that give CO2 to the alveoli
- alveoli gives O2 to the capillaries
- ex of passive diffusion bc gasses are hydrophobic
pH of blood
7.4
pH regulation by the respiratory system
- faster than kidneys
- ensures that enzymes of cells function
- when there is excess CO2 (hydrophobic) in the body, carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid that can travel through plasma of the blood (hydrophillic) and exit
- breathe faster: get rid of more CO2 which is acidic
- medulla oblongata monitors pH
breathing
- muscles in the chest wall and along the bottom of the lungs (diaphragm) expand and contract the chest (thoracic) cavity expand and contract the lungs
- natural position diaphragm: curved, expanded: straight
- inspiration: chest cavity increases in volume causing a decrease in air pressure, causing air to rush to the lungs
- expiration: decrease in volume of chest cavity causing an increase in the pressure on lungs that forces the air out
