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Psych 305 > Chapter 3 - Models of Abnormality > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Models of Abnormality Flashcards

1
Q

Two ways to study behavior genetics

A

Pedigree studies, twin studies

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2
Q

Pedigree studies

A

Genealogical studies, studies family background and genes

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3
Q

Concordance

A

The rate at which twins share the same trait

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4
Q

Discordance

A

When both twins do not share the same trait

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5
Q

Identical vs fraternal twins?

A

Identical twins are monozygotic, while fraternal twins are dizygotic

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6
Q

What causes disorders from a biological standpoint?

A

Disorders associated with a lack of NTs or excess of NTs at the synapse, or heightened sensitivity of receptors in synapse

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7
Q

Characteristic hemispherality

A

Some may have relatively more activity in one hemisphere during rest

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8
Q

Why is characteristic hemispherality important for disorders?

A

Davidson/Tomarken proposed that right hemisphere people are closer to the threshold than others for negative states

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9
Q

Characteristics of the left hemisphere

A
  • Verbal, speech math, logic
  • Relatively more active with joy, happiness
  • Positive emotions
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10
Q

Characteristics of the right hemisphere

A
  • Imagery, artistic skills, creativity
  • Relatively more active with sadness, disgust, anger
  • Negative emotions
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11
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

Interactions among nervous, endocrine, and immune systems

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12
Q

Role of significant stressors on the immune system

A

Stress -> Corticosteroids -> decreased immune system function -> illness

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13
Q

Id

A

Instinctual, in unconscious, is present at birth, unrealistic, instant gratification

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14
Q

Ego

A

Realistic (only one), delays instant gratification

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15
Q

Superego

A

Internalization of moral code/values

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16
Q

Two subsystems of superego

A
  • Conscience: internalization of what is wrong

* Ego-ideal: internalization of what is right

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17
Q

Ego-strength

A

Healthy personality, grounded in reality, needs are met realistically, better able to cope

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18
Q

Freud structure of the mind

A
  • Preconscious: not currently in awareness, but can gain access
  • Conscious: in current awareness
  • Unconscious: below level of awareness and difficult to gain access
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19
Q

Psychic determinism

A

All behavior overt and covert is caused (determined) by unconscious variables and events from earlier in life

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20
Q

Displacement

A

Defense mechanism in which unacceptable feelings/attitudes unconsciously displaced onto something/someone else

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21
Q

Projection

A

Defense mechanism in which unacceptable thoughts/feelings are projected onto others - attribute unacceptable thoughts/feelings to other people

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22
Q

Intellectualization

A

Defense mechanism in which you view emotional challenges as an intellectual experience

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23
Q

Psychodynamic causes of maladaptive behavior

A

1) Rigidly sticking to defense mechanisms
2) Conflicts between Id and Superego overwhelm Ego
3) Vulnerability due to early life experiences
4) Fixation on one psychosexual stage

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24
Q

How did neoanalytic theorists differ from Freud?

A

1) More emphasis on sociocultural factors
2) More spirituality
3) More positive view of human nature
4) Belief in freedom of choice (not all unconsciously determined)
5) Considered more of the conscious aspects of personality

25
Basic premise of behavioral models
Behavior and personality develop through the learning process
26
Classical conditioning
Pairing neutral stimulus with one that naturally elicits a response so that the previously neutral stimulus now also elicits the response
27
Stimuli and responses in classical conditioning
* UCS - original natural stimulus, doesn't have to be learned * UCR - original natural response, doesn't have to be learned * CS - previously neutral stimulus, now paired with UCS * CR - learned response to CS
28
What is the result of fixation?
When a person gets fixated in a psychosexual stage, portion of psychic energy is attached to that stage and can't be used for other functions
29
Oral fixation
Over/under gratification of one's oral needs, results in person that is very needy and dependent
30
Anal fixation
When you obtain a sense of control, results in person that is very controlling/clean/organized (anal retentive). Anal expulsive is the opposite of anal retentive
31
Phallic fixation
Problems identifying with same sex parent, involves development of one's sexual identity. Fixation results in promiscuity
32
Who are the contemporary psychoanalytic theorists?
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney
33
Generalization of learning
When other stimuli similar to the CS elicit the response (after an accident, not only do buses trigger a reaction but also all vehicles)
34
Extinction
Cessation of a response - exposure to CS without UCS (get back on the bus)
35
Counter-conditioning
Pair something pleasant with unpleasant stimulus
36
Aversive Counter-Conditioning
Pair noxious stimulus with undesired response
37
Operant conditioning
Organism "operates" on environment in some way and receives response from environment
38
Reinforcement vs punishment
* Reinforcement: increasing a behavior by delivering something desired or removing something undesired * Punishment: decreasing a behavior by delivering something undesired or removing something desired
39
Negative vs positive (in terms of conditioning)
* Negative: Increases behavior by removing something not desired * Positive: Increases behavior by giving something desired
40
How does shaping work in terms of operant conditioning?
Successively reinforce steps toward target behavior
41
How does extinction happen with operant behavior?
Remove reinforcement
42
Reinforcers
Anything that increases likelihood of behavior
43
Social learning
Behaviors acquired through relations with others and observations of others
44
Modeling (Vicarious learning)
Learn by watching others perform behavior
45
What makes conditions more powerful for modeling?
* Model is similar to learner * Learner is dependent on model * Model is rewarded for behavior * There is uncertainty about appropriate behavior
46
Implicit learning
When interpretation of event shapes one's behaviors or attitudes toward behavior
47
Cognitive perspective focus
Internal processes/thoughts, thoughts produce and are initiated by behavior
48
Cognitive causes of maladaptive behavior
* Unfortunate experiences + Maladaptive thought/beliefs * Schemata cannot accommodate current life experiences * Irrational and maladaptive thoughts/beliefs
49
Ellis's Rational-Emotive Therapy
A - Antecedent (event, "trigger") B - Belief (about event) C - Consequences (emotional) of belief D - Disputing maladaptive thoughts/behaviors
50
Humanistic/Existentialist perspective focus
Self, dignity, inherent goodness, striving towards self-actualization to be all that you can be
51
Roger's person centered theory
* One's self image needs to be congruent with life experiences * Problems come from discrepancy between one's real and ideal selves
52
Existential theories
* Basic tenet: take responsibility for one's actions and freedom of choice * Living authentically (living by one's own goals) vs living inauthentically (living by goals set by others)
53
Causes of maladaptive behavior under phenomenological perspectives
* Being held back from achieving one's full potential * Incongruence between self-image and life expectancies * Living inauthentically
54
Focus of multicultural models of maladaptive behavior
Cultural context of behaviors
55
to feel or not to feel
a feel feels as feely by any other name
56
Criticisms of multicultural model
* Not empirically based, don't lend well to empirical study, difficult to obtain large numbers of subjects * Cultural phenomena are culture specific - cannot generalize findings to larger numbers of symptoms, individualistic vs collectivistic
57
Inferiority model
Because other groups are different from the majority, they are inferior. The Ball Curve found IQ scores lower in African Americans, posited that that was due to genetics
58
Deprivation/Deficit model
Different groups score lower due to neural deprivation

Psych 305 (11 decks)

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