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Chapter 3- Microbial Growth And Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

All essential elements in microorganisms are:

A 
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Selenium
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2
Q

Examples of macromolecules and give example of their monomers

A

Protein, amino acids
Lipids, fatty acids and glycerol
Carbohydrates , sugars
nucleic acids, nucleotides

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3
Q

Macromolecule consist of CHONS?

A

Protein

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4
Q

Macromolecule consist of CHON?

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Macromolecule consist of CHONP?

A

Nucleic Acids

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6
Q

Macromolecule consist of CHOP?

A

Lipids

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7
Q

Other macronutrients that serve as co-factors? Give examples.

A

Mg stabilize me branes
K for protein synthesis
Ca cell wall
Fe ^2+ for cytochrome carriers

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8
Q

Are non protein element required for enzymatic function.

A

Metabolic co factors

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9
Q

Micronutrients and examples

A

Elements required in very small amount, serve as co factors for enzymes

Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Mo

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10
Q

Required to make selenocysteine

A

Se

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11
Q

Are small organic molecules required for growth and give three classes?

A

Growth factors

Amino acids
Purines and pyrimidines
Vitamins

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12
Q

Growth factor for protein sythesis

A

Amino acids

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13
Q

Growth factor for building Blocks of dna and rna

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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14
Q

Small molecules used to make organic cofactors

A

Vitamins

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15
Q

Macronutrients

A

Elements required in large amount to make macromolecules

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16
Q

What is a limiting nutrient?

A

When it runs out, growth stop despite of presence if other nutrients

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17
Q

Organisms are placed into 2 groups on how they obtain C

A

Heterotrophs and autotrophs

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18
Q

Use organic carbons

One or more C is reduced

A

Heterotrophs

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19
Q

Used inorganic carbons as their sole source of carbon. Requires energy to assimilate it.

A

Autotrophs (through photosythesis)

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20
Q

Element provided as salts?

A

Inorganic N

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21
Q

Inorganic N must be reduced to _____?

A

NH3

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22
Q

Provided as N rich organic molecules. Does not need to be reduced.

A

Organic N

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23
Q

Atmospheric N2 is reduced to 2NH3 by?

A

Nitrogen fixation

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24
Q

Form of nitrogen use to make amino acids

A

NH3

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25
Found in water and organic media, no specific nutrients
H | O
26
Usually provided as phosphate salts (PO4 ^3-)
Phosphorus
27
In what system is PO4 3- is always limiting?
Fresh water system
28
Also provided in form of salts, and must be refuced to S2 to make amino acids
Inorganic S
29
Pre made amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Less energy to make
Organic S
30
Majority of macromolecules
Carbon
31
6 classes of culture media are:
``` Defined Minimal Complex Differential Selective Enriched ```
32
A media where exact composition is known
Defined medium
33
Media useful for studying metabolism
Defined
34
Defined medium that provides MINIMUM nutritional requirements for growth ( no growth factors)
Minimal
35
Medium where exact composition is not known. Supply variety of growth factors.
Complex
36
Medium often made from meat or yeast extracts
Complex medium
37
Give example of complex medium
T soy broth and plates
38
differential medium
Allows different bacteria to be distinguished
39
Give example of differential media
Blood agar ( t soy plate with 5% sheep's blood)
40
Medium that allows differentiation of hemolytic bacteria
Blood agar
41
Incomplete destruction of blood cells in hemolytic bacteria
A
42
Complete destruction of Blood cells in. Hemolytic bactetia
B
43
Define y in hemolytic bacteria
No detsruction
44
Selective medium
Contains ingredients that inhibit growth or unwanted microbes. Allows only specific microbes to grow
45
Example of selective medium
Mannitol salt agar
46
Medium supplemented with special nutrients to encourage growth of fastidious bacteria. Requires many growth factors
Enriched medium
47
Example of an enriched medium
Blood agar and chocolate agar
48
Metabolism
The sum of total chemical reaction that occurs in cells
49
Catabolic rxn (catabolism) and give example
Energy releasing metabolic rxn Eg: fermentation and respiration
50
Anabolic reaction and give example
Energy requiring metabolic rxn Eg: biosynthesis
51
Microorganism grouped into energy classes depending on ELECTRON AND ENERGY SOURCE
Chemoorganotrophs Chemolitotrophs Phototrophs
52
Microorganism grouped into their CARBON SOURCE
Heterotroph | Autotroph
53
Energy from chemical rxn involving ORGANIC MATERIAL
Chemoorganotroph
54
Energy from INORGANIC chemical reactions
Chemolitotrophs
55
Phototrophs
Energy from light
56
Heterotrophs
Use organic carbon as their main source of carbon for building cell carbon and biomass
57
Autotrophs (primary producers)
Use inorganic carbon or CO2 to synthesize cell carbon
58
Binary fission
Cell division following enlargement of a cell, twice its minimum size. Increase in cell numbers
59
Generation time
Time requires for a cell to double its number
60
Generation time depends on:
``` Growth medium Incubation conditions (carbon source, ph, temp) ```
61
Exponential growth
Growth of microbial population in which cell numbers double in at specific time interval.
62
Formula For exponential growth
Nt= Ni x 2^n
63
Rate of increase in population number of biomass
Growth rate (k)
64
The time it takes for a cell to become 2 cells
Generation time
65
A closed system microbial culture of fixed volume
Batch culture
66
Four phase of growth curve
Lag Log Stationary Death
67
The interval between the inoculation of a culture and beginning of growth (increase in cell numbers)
Lag phase
68
Cells in this phase is at their healthiest
Exponential phase
69
Metabolically active, growth rate of population is zero. | Essential nutrient is used up or waste products accumulate in the medium
Stationary phase
70
Cells in this phase dies (but not all bactetia, some survive and form spores)
Death phase
71
Continuous culture
An open system of microbial culture of fixed volume
72
Most common type of continuous culture
Chemostat
73
Rate at which fresh medium is pump in and spent medium is pump out
Dilution rate
74
Controls the population size and the growth rate in chemostat
Concentration of limiting nutrients
75
Microbial cells can be enumerated by direct microscopic observations using a ______ counting chamber
Petroff-Hausser
76
Two types of microscopic counts which cells can be enumerated
Petroff hausser | Flow cytometer
77
A second method of cell enumeration in liquid samples, using laser beams, fluorescent dyes, and electronics
Flow cytometer
78
Viable counts or plate count
Measurements of living cells capable of growing to form population
79
Two main ways to perform plate counts or viable counts
Spread method | Pour plate method
80
Direct microscopic counts of natural samples reveal far more organisms than those recoverable on plates
The great plate anomaly
81
Turbidity measurements
Indirect, rapid, and useful Methods in measuring microbial growth.
82
Most often turbidity is measured with a ________ and measurement is referred as ________.
Spectrophotometer, Optical density
83
A specific aliquot (volume) of cells are concentrated, washed to remove media components, concentrated and dried
Total mass of cells ( dry cell weight)
84
The major environmental factor controlling microbial growth
Temperature
85
Cardinal temperature
The minimum, optimum, and maximum temperature at which an organism grows
86
Temperature classes of microorganism ( microorganism can be classified into groups by their temperature optima
Psychrophile Mesophile Thermophile Hyperthermophile
87
Microorganism with optima at low temperature. They inhabit permanently cold environment (eg: deep ocean, acrtic, atarctic environment).
Psychrophile | Less than 20
88
Microorganism with optima at midrange temperature Found in _____ animals In _____ environments In ______ lattitudes
``` Mesophile 20-40 Warm blooded animals Terrestrial and aquatic Temperate and tropical ```
89
Microorganism with optima at high temperature
Thermophile | 40-80
90
Microorganism with optima at very high temperature
Hyperthermophile | Greater than 80
91
Organism that grow at very hot or very cold temp.
Extremophiles
92
Psychrotolerant
Organism that can grow at 0 but have optima of 20-40.
93
An example of hyperthermophile that can grow at 122
Methanopyrus kandleri
94
Widely used in industrial microbiology. In what way?
Hyperthermophile Tag polymerase for PCR Hydrolytic enzymes
95
Microorganism that may be the clsoest descendants of ancient microbes
Hyperthermophile
96
ph does most microorganism grow
Ph 6-8 (neutral ph)
97
Types of microorganism depending on their ph
Neutrophile Acidophalse Alkaliphiles

Microbiology (6 decks)

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