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microbiology > Chapter 3- Microbial Growth And Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Microbial Growth And Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

All essential elements in microorganisms are:

A 
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Selenium
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2
Q

Examples of macromolecules and give example of their monomers

A

Protein, amino acids
Lipids, fatty acids and glycerol
Carbohydrates , sugars
nucleic acids, nucleotides

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3
Q

Macromolecule consist of CHONS?

A

Protein

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4
Q

Macromolecule consist of CHON?

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Macromolecule consist of CHONP?

A

Nucleic Acids

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6
Q

Macromolecule consist of CHOP?

A

Lipids

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7
Q

Other macronutrients that serve as co-factors? Give examples.

A

Mg stabilize me branes
K for protein synthesis
Ca cell wall
Fe ^2+ for cytochrome carriers

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8
Q

Are non protein element required for enzymatic function.

A

Metabolic co factors

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9
Q

Micronutrients and examples

A

Elements required in very small amount, serve as co factors for enzymes

Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Mo

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10
Q

Required to make selenocysteine

A

Se

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11
Q

Are small organic molecules required for growth and give three classes?

A

Growth factors

Amino acids
Purines and pyrimidines
Vitamins

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12
Q

Growth factor for protein sythesis

A

Amino acids

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13
Q

Growth factor for building Blocks of dna and rna

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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14
Q

Small molecules used to make organic cofactors

A

Vitamins

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15
Q

Macronutrients

A

Elements required in large amount to make macromolecules

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16
Q

What is a limiting nutrient?

A

When it runs out, growth stop despite of presence if other nutrients

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17
Q

Organisms are placed into 2 groups on how they obtain C

A

Heterotrophs and autotrophs

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18
Q

Use organic carbons

One or more C is reduced

A

Heterotrophs

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19
Q

Used inorganic carbons as their sole source of carbon. Requires energy to assimilate it.

A

Autotrophs (through photosythesis)

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20
Q

Element provided as salts?

A

Inorganic N

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21
Q

Inorganic N must be reduced to _____?

A

NH3

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22
Q

Provided as N rich organic molecules. Does not need to be reduced.

A

Organic N

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23
Q

Atmospheric N2 is reduced to 2NH3 by?

A

Nitrogen fixation

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24
Q

Form of nitrogen use to make amino acids

A

NH3

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25
Q

Found in water and organic media, no specific nutrients

A

H

O

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26
Q

Usually provided as phosphate salts (PO4 ^3-)

A

Phosphorus

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27
Q

In what system is PO4 3- is always limiting?

A

Fresh water system

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28
Q

Also provided in form of salts, and must be refuced to S2 to make amino acids

A

Inorganic S

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29
Q

Pre made amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Less energy to make

A

Organic S

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30
Q

Majority of macromolecules

A

Carbon

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31
Q

6 classes of culture media are:

A 
Defined
Minimal
Complex
Differential
Selective
Enriched
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32
Q

A media where exact composition is known

A

Defined medium

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33
Q

Media useful for studying metabolism

A

Defined

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34
Q

Defined medium that provides MINIMUM nutritional requirements for growth ( no growth factors)

A

Minimal

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35
Q

Medium where exact composition is not known. Supply variety of growth factors.

A

Complex

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36
Q

Medium often made from meat or yeast extracts

A

Complex medium

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37
Q

Give example of complex medium

A

T soy broth and plates

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38
Q

differential medium

A

Allows different bacteria to be distinguished

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39
Q

Give example of differential media

A

Blood agar ( t soy plate with 5% sheep’s blood)

40
Q

Medium that allows differentiation of hemolytic bacteria

A

Blood agar

41
Q

Incomplete destruction of blood cells in hemolytic bacteria

A

A

42
Q

Complete destruction of Blood cells in. Hemolytic bactetia

A

B

43
Q

Define y in hemolytic bacteria

A

No detsruction

44
Q

Selective medium

A

Contains ingredients that inhibit growth or unwanted microbes. Allows only specific microbes to grow

45
Q

Example of selective medium

A

Mannitol salt agar

46
Q

Medium supplemented with special nutrients to encourage growth of fastidious bacteria.
Requires many growth factors

A

Enriched medium

47
Q

Example of an enriched medium

A

Blood agar and chocolate agar

48
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of total chemical reaction that occurs in cells

49
Q

Catabolic rxn (catabolism) and give example

A

Energy releasing metabolic rxn

Eg: fermentation and respiration

50
Q

Anabolic reaction and give example

A

Energy requiring metabolic rxn

Eg: biosynthesis

51
Q

Microorganism grouped into energy classes depending on ELECTRON AND ENERGY SOURCE

A

Chemoorganotrophs
Chemolitotrophs
Phototrophs

52
Q

Microorganism grouped into their CARBON SOURCE

A

Heterotroph

Autotroph

53
Q

Energy from chemical rxn involving ORGANIC MATERIAL

A

Chemoorganotroph

54
Q

Energy from INORGANIC chemical reactions

A

Chemolitotrophs

55
Q

Phototrophs

A

Energy from light

56
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Use organic carbon as their main source of carbon for building cell carbon and biomass

57
Q

Autotrophs (primary producers)

A

Use inorganic carbon or CO2 to synthesize cell carbon

58
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell division following enlargement of a cell, twice its minimum size.
Increase in cell numbers

59
Q

Generation time

A

Time requires for a cell to double its number

60
Q

Generation time depends on:

A 
Growth medium
Incubation conditions (carbon source, ph, temp)
61
Q

Exponential growth

A

Growth of microbial population in which cell numbers double in at specific time interval.

62
Q

Formula For exponential growth

A

Nt= Ni x 2^n

63
Q

Rate of increase in population number of biomass

A

Growth rate (k)

64
Q

The time it takes for a cell to become 2 cells

A

Generation time

65
Q

A closed system microbial culture of fixed volume

A

Batch culture

66
Q

Four phase of growth curve

A

Lag
Log
Stationary
Death

67
Q

The interval between the inoculation of a culture and beginning of growth (increase in cell numbers)

A

Lag phase

68
Q

Cells in this phase is at their healthiest

A

Exponential phase

69
Q

Metabolically active, growth rate of population is zero.

Essential nutrient is used up or waste products accumulate in the medium

A

Stationary phase

70
Q

Cells in this phase dies (but not all bactetia, some survive and form spores)

A

Death phase

71
Q

Continuous culture

A

An open system of microbial culture of fixed volume

72
Q

Most common type of continuous culture

A

Chemostat

73
Q

Rate at which fresh medium is pump in and spent medium is pump out

A

Dilution rate

74
Q

Controls the population size and the growth rate in chemostat

A

Concentration of limiting nutrients

75
Q

Microbial cells can be enumerated by direct microscopic observations using a ______ counting chamber

A

Petroff-Hausser

76
Q

Two types of microscopic counts which cells can be enumerated

A

Petroff hausser

Flow cytometer

77
Q

A second method of cell enumeration in liquid samples, using laser beams, fluorescent dyes, and electronics

A

Flow cytometer

78
Q

Viable counts or plate count

A

Measurements of living cells capable of growing to form population

79
Q

Two main ways to perform plate counts or viable counts

A

Spread method

Pour plate method

80
Q

Direct microscopic counts of natural samples reveal far more organisms than those recoverable on plates

A

The great plate anomaly

81
Q

Turbidity measurements

A

Indirect, rapid, and useful Methods in measuring microbial growth.

82
Q

Most often turbidity is measured with a ________ and measurement is referred as ________.

A

Spectrophotometer, Optical density

83
Q

A specific aliquot (volume) of cells are concentrated, washed to remove media components, concentrated and dried

A

Total mass of cells ( dry cell weight)

84
Q

The major environmental factor controlling microbial growth

A

Temperature

85
Q

Cardinal temperature

A

The minimum, optimum, and maximum temperature at which an organism grows

86
Q

Temperature classes of microorganism ( microorganism can be classified into groups by their temperature optima

A

Psychrophile
Mesophile
Thermophile
Hyperthermophile

87
Q

Microorganism with optima at low temperature. They inhabit permanently cold environment (eg: deep ocean, acrtic, atarctic environment).

A

Psychrophile

Less than 20

88
Q

Microorganism with optima at midrange temperature
Found in _____ animals
In _____ environments
In ______ lattitudes

A 
Mesophile
20-40
Warm blooded animals
Terrestrial and aquatic
Temperate and tropical
89
Q

Microorganism with optima at high temperature

A

Thermophile

40-80

90
Q

Microorganism with optima at very high temperature

A

Hyperthermophile

Greater than 80

91
Q

Organism that grow at very hot or very cold temp.

A

Extremophiles

92
Q

Psychrotolerant

A

Organism that can grow at 0 but have optima of 20-40.

93
Q

An example of hyperthermophile that can grow at 122

A

Methanopyrus kandleri

94
Q

Widely used in industrial microbiology. In what way?

A

Hyperthermophile
Tag polymerase for PCR
Hydrolytic enzymes

95
Q

Microorganism that may be the clsoest descendants of ancient microbes

A

Hyperthermophile

96
Q

ph does most microorganism grow

A

Ph 6-8 (neutral ph)

97
Q

Types of microorganism depending on their ph

A

Neutrophile
Acidophalse
Alkaliphiles

microbiology (6 decks)

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