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Microbiology > Chapter 3: Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Microbial Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

physical requirements

A

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

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2
Q

chemical requirements

A

carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen, trace elements, organic growth factors

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3
Q

psychrophiles

A

cold loving

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4
Q

psychrotrophs

A

grow betweeen o and 20-30 degrees C

cause food spoilage

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5
Q

mesophiles

A

moderate temperature loving

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6
Q

thermophiles

A

heat loving, optimum growth 50-60 degrees C

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7
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

optimum growth above 80 degrees C

hydrothermal vents

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8
Q

most bacteria grow between pH of

A

6.5 and 7.5

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9
Q

molds and yeasts grow between pH of

A

5 and 6

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10
Q

acidophiles grow in pH of

A

acid pH

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11
Q

hypertonic environment

A

more solute outside cells

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12
Q

plasmolysis

A

cell shrinking due to high osmotic pressure

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13
Q

extreme/obligate halophiles require high

A

osmotic pressure (high salt)

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14
Q

facultative halophiles tolerate

A

high osmotic pressure

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15
Q

why is carbon required

A

backbone of organic molecule

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16
Q

why is nitrogen required

A

component of proteins, DNA, RNA, ATP

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17
Q

why is sulfur required

A

in amino acids, thiamine, biotin

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18
Q

why is phosphorous required

A

used in DNA, RNA, ATP; found in cell mambranes

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19
Q

why are trace elements required

A

inorganic elements required in small amounts usually as enzyme cofactors

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20
Q

what trace elements are needed

A

iron, copper, molybdenum, zinc

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21
Q

obligate aerobes

A

need oxygen

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22
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration without oxygen

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23
Q

obligate aerobes

A

unable to use oxygen and harmed by it

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24
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

tolerate but cannot use oxygen

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25
Q

microaerophiles

A

require oxygen concentration lower than air (21%)

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26
Q

bacteria from lowest to highest in terms of oxygen

A

obligate aerobes, aerotolerant annaerobes, microaerophiles, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes

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27
Q

organic growth factors

A

organic compounds obtained from environment

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28
Q

types of organic growth factors

A

vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines (vitamins are inorganic)

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29
Q

biofilms

A

microbial communities that form slime of hydrogels that adhere to surfaces

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30
Q

bacteria communicate cell to cell via

A

quorum sensing

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31
Q

benefits to biofilms

A

share nutrients to increase growth and reproduction, shelter bacteria from harmful environment, 1000x resistance to microbicide

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32
Q

culture medium

A

nutrients prepared for microbial growth, most common is agar

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33
Q

sterile

A

no living microbes

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34
Q

inoculum

A

introduction of microbes into a medium using sterile pipet, loop, or swab

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35
Q

culture

A

microbes growing in or on a culture medium

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36
Q

agar

A

complex polysaccharide used as solidifying agent for culture media for petri plates

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37
Q

chemically defined media

A

exact chemical composition is known used to grow fastidious organisms which require many growth factors

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38
Q

complex media

A

extracts and digests of yeasts, meats, and plants, chemical composition varies batch to batch

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39
Q

difference betweeen nutrient broth and nutrient agar

A

broth is liquid, agar is solid

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40
Q

reducing media

A

used for cultivation of anerobic bacteria

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41
Q

reducing media contains

A

sodium thioglycolate that combine O2 to deplete it - heated to drive oxygen off

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42
Q

capnophiles

A

microbes require high CO2 conditions; create CO2 packet using candle jar

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43
Q

BSL 1

A

no special precuations, basic teaching lab

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44
Q

BSL 2

A

lab coat, gloves, eye protection

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45
Q

BSL 3

A

biosafety cabinets to prevent airborne transmission

46
Q

BSL 4

A

seals, negativee pressure, hot zone - fully suited, air tube filtered through HEPA filters

47
Q

what is special about HEPA filters

A

can filter viral particles

48
Q

selective media

A

contains inhibitors to suppress unwanted microbes to grow pure cultures

49
Q

differential media

A

allows distinguishing of colonies of different microbes on same plate

50
Q

enrichment culture

A

encourages growth of desired microbe by increasing very small numers of desired organism to detectable levels - usually a liquid

51
Q

pure culture

A

contains one speciess or strain

52
Q

colony

A

10-100 million cells arising from a single cell

53
Q

CFU

A

colony forming unnit

54
Q

streak plate method

A

used to isolate pure cultures

55
Q

deep-freezing

A

-50 to -95 degrees C to preserve microbes

56
Q

lyophilization (freeze drying)

A

-54 to -72 degrees C and dehydrated in a vacuum to preserve microbes

57
Q

bacterial growth

A

increase in number of cells, NOT cell size

58
Q

binary fission

A

one splits into two; cell elongates, DNA replicates, cell wall/membrane constrict, cross-wall forms, cell separates

59
Q

other methods of microbial reproduction

A

budding, conidiospores (actinomycetes - fungus), fragmentation of filaments

60
Q

exponential growth

A

2 ^(# of generations) growth curves represented logarithmically

61
Q

phases of microbial growth graph

A

lag, log, stationary, death

62
Q

lag phase

A

no significant increase in population growth

63
Q

log phase

A

exponential growth

64
Q

stationary

A

reproduction equals death

65
Q

death phase

A

population decreases

66
Q

population dynamics important to study

A

infectious disease, food preservation, industrial processes (ethanol)

67
Q

direct measurements

A

plate fount, filtration, most probable number, direct microscopic count

68
Q

plate count

A

count colonies, original inoculum must go through serial dilution

69
Q

plate counts occur on

A

agar via pour plate mehtod or spread plate method

70
Q

filtration

A

solution passses through filter that collects bacteria; placed on petri dish and allowed to grow

71
Q

most probablt number

A

multiple tube test, count positive tubes, compare to statisticle table
5 tubes per set, 3 sets, dilutions of 10mL, 1mL, and 0.1mL

72
Q

direct microscopic count

A

volume of bacterial suspension placed on slide, acerage # of bacteria per viewing field calculated

73
Q

direct microscopic count uses what type of cell counter

A

Petroff-Hausser

74
Q

numer bacter/mL =

A

cells counted / volume area counted

75
Q

turbidity

A

measuring cloudiness with spectrophotometer

76
Q

metabolic activity and turbiditiy

A

amount of metabolic product is proportional to # of bacteria

77
Q

dry weight

A

bacteria are filtered, dried, and weight - used for filamentous organisms

78
Q

antibiotic resistance forces us to

A

change way we view disease and treat patients

79
Q

evolution of resistance

A

mutation

80
Q

mechanisms of resistance

A

conjugation, transductions, transformation

81
Q

development of resistant population

A

resistant cells are not killed off, continue to divide resulting in completely resistant population

82
Q

mutation and evolutionary pressure cause

A

rapid increase resistance to antibiotics

83
Q

how does modern technology/sociology relate to resistance

A

travelers carry resistant bacteria, spreads quickly

large cities with poor sanitation

84
Q

how is food a source of infection that can develop resistance

A

food prepared outside of home; contamination unnoticed until outbreak occurs - hard to trace origin of infection

85
Q

example of resistance in food

A

E. coli O157 in spinach and lettuce

86
Q

as foodborne infection increase

A

use of antibiotics increase - resistance increases

87
Q

immunocompromised people

A

HIV, organ transplant recipients - increase use of antibiotics - increased resistance

88
Q

emerginc disease

A

not seen before

89
Q

remerging disease

A

caused by organisms resistant to treatment (Ebola)

90
Q

clinical success of antibiotics led to

A

increasing efforts to discover new antibiotics
modification of existing drugs
develop broader range drugs

91
Q

plasmids containing gene for resistance can

A

integrate into chromosome

92
Q

resistance island

A

resistance genes can accumulate and are stably maintained

93
Q

resistance can be shared cell to cell via

A

conjugation w/ sex pillus

94
Q

microorganisms producing antibiotic substances hace autoprotective mechanisms

A

transmembrane proteins pump out freshly produced antibiotic so it does not accumulate

95
Q

genes that code for pumps closely linked to genes that code for antibiotics meaning

A

close on chromosome, cannot be separated during crossover; activated/deactivated together

96
Q

how to be resistant to antibiotics

A

inactivation of antibiotic
efflux pumping of antibiotic (pumping out)
modification of antibiotic target
alteration of metabolic pathway

97
Q

inactivation of antibiotic

A

enzymatic breakdown of antibiotic molecule

98
Q

B-lactamase

A

secrete into bacterial periplasmic space, attacks antibiotics as it approaches its target

99
Q

how may forms of B-lactamase

A

more than 190

100
Q

efflux is what type of transport

A

active - requires ATP

101
Q

efflux proteins found in

A

plasma membrane - gram negativee

102
Q

efflux keeps antibiotic levels

A

below lethal level

103
Q

genes that code for efflux located on

A

plasmid or transposon (jumping gene)

104
Q

some bacteria reduce permeability to keep antibiotic out by

A

turn of production of porin and other channel membran proteins - must slow metabolic activity

105
Q

reduced production of porin seen in resistance to

A

streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa drugss (penicillin, etc.)

106
Q

modification of target to escape antibiotic activity

A

can change structure of target but still must be functional

MRSA and PBP protein

107
Q

alteration of metabolic pathway

A

drugs competitively inhibit metabolic pathway, bacteria can overcome this by using different pathway

108
Q

how much of S. aureaus genome codes for resistance

A

7%

109
Q

bacillus subtilis

A

nonpathogenic bacteria, does not code for resistance

110
Q

cephalosporins

A

broad range drugs - lead to rise of resistance

111
Q

clostridium difficile

A

superinfection pathogen - very resistant to antibiotics; establish in intestinal tract, my be dormant or chronic illness

Microbiology (8 decks)

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