Biotech

Question 1

biotechnology

Answer 1

use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product

Question 2

recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Answer 2

insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

Question 3

cDNA

Answer 3

coding DNA (without introns)

Question 4

vector

Answer 4

self-replication DNA molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a cell

Question 5

clone

Answer 5

population of genetically identical cells arising from one cell, each carries the vector

Question 6

selection

Answer 6

select for naturally occuring microbe that produces a desired product

Question 7

mutation

Answer 7

mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with desirable trait

Question 8

site-directed mutagenesis

Answer 8

a targeted and specific change in a gene

Question 9

restriction enzymes

Answer 9

cut specific sequences of DNA; destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells, create blunt ends

Question 10

what protects bacteria DNA from their restriction enzymes

Answer 10

methylated cytosine

Question 11

sticky end enzymes

Answer 11

Ban, Eco, Hin

Question 12

shuttle vectors

Answer 12

exist in several different species and can move cloned sequences among various organisms

Question 13

genomic librariess

Answer 13

collection of clones containing different DNA fragments; DNA is digested and spliced into plasmid or phage vector and introduced into bacteria

Question 14

reverse transcriptase

Answer 14

used to make cDNA from mRNA to obtain codes for eukaryotic genes/proteins

Question 15

synthetic DNA

Answer 15

build genes using DNA synthesis machine

Question 16

blue-white screening

Answer 16

BAM restriction enzyme code is in the x-gal gene (codes for blue color) so if a colony is white, it took up the plasmid with the target gene

Question 17

colony hybridization

Answer 17

use DNA probes (small single stranded DNA) complementary to desired gene

Question 18

advantages of using E coli

Answer 18

easily grown and genome is known

Question 19

disadvantages of using E coli

Answer 19

produces endotoxins and does not secrete its protein products

Question 20

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 20

yeast, easily grown, has larger genome than bacteria, can easily express eukaryotic genes

Question 21

plant cells and whole plants

Answer 21

expresses eukaryotic genes easily; plants grown easily and make products on a large scale at a low cost

Question 22

mammalian cells

Answer 22

express eukaryotic genes easily; can make products for medical use but harder to grow

Question 23

DNA fingerprinting used to identify

Answer 23

pathogens

Question 24

PCR microarrays and DNA chips used to

Answer 24

screen samples for multiple pathogens

Question 25

forensic microbiology differs from medicine biotech because it requires

Answer 25

proper collection of evidence and chain of custody

Question 26

subunit vaccines

Answer 26

made from pathogen proteins in GM yeasts

Question 27

gene silencing

Answer 27

small interfering RNA (siRNA) bind to mRNA - destroyed by RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)

Question 28

RNAi

Answer 28

RNA interference inserts DNA encoding siRNA into a plasmid and transferred into a cell

Question 29

shotgun sequencing

Answer 29

sequences small pieces of genomes which are assemble by a computer

Question 30

metagenomics

Answer 30

study of genetic material directly from environmental samples

Question 31

humane genome project

Answer 31

sequenced entire human genome

Question 32

human proteome project

Answer 32

aims to map proteins expressed in human cells

Question 33

bioinformatics

Answer 33

understanding gene function via computer-assisted analysis

Question 34

proteomics

Answer 34

determining proteins expressed in a cell

Question 35

reverse genetics

Answer 35

discovering gene function from a genetic sequence

Question 36

southern blotting

Answer 36

DNA proves detect specific DNA in fragments of RFLPs separated by gel electrophoresis

Question 37

RFLP

Answer 37

restriction fragment link polymorphism