Biotech Flashcards
biotechnology
use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product
recombinant DNA (rDNA)
insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins
cDNA
coding DNA (without introns)
vector
self-replication DNA molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a cell
clone
population of genetically identical cells arising from one cell, each carries the vector
selection
select for naturally occuring microbe that produces a desired product
mutation
mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with desirable trait
site-directed mutagenesis
a targeted and specific change in a gene
restriction enzymes
cut specific sequences of DNA; destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells, create blunt ends
what protects bacteria DNA from their restriction enzymes
methylated cytosine
sticky end enzymes
Ban, Eco, Hin
shuttle vectors
exist in several different species and can move cloned sequences among various organisms
genomic librariess
collection of clones containing different DNA fragments; DNA is digested and spliced into plasmid or phage vector and introduced into bacteria
reverse transcriptase
used to make cDNA from mRNA to obtain codes for eukaryotic genes/proteins
synthetic DNA
build genes using DNA synthesis machine
blue-white screening
BAM restriction enzyme code is in the x-gal gene (codes for blue color) so if a colony is white, it took up the plasmid with the target gene
colony hybridization
use DNA probes (small single stranded DNA) complementary to desired gene
advantages of using E coli
easily grown and genome is known
disadvantages of using E coli
produces endotoxins and does not secrete its protein products
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
yeast, easily grown, has larger genome than bacteria, can easily express eukaryotic genes
plant cells and whole plants
expresses eukaryotic genes easily; plants grown easily and make products on a large scale at a low cost
mammalian cells
express eukaryotic genes easily; can make products for medical use but harder to grow
DNA fingerprinting used to identify
pathogens
PCR microarrays and DNA chips used to
screen samples for multiple pathogens
forensic microbiology differs from medicine biotech because it requires
proper collection of evidence and chain of custody
subunit vaccines
made from pathogen proteins in GM yeasts
gene silencing
small interfering RNA (siRNA) bind to mRNA - destroyed by RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)
RNAi
RNA interference inserts DNA encoding siRNA into a plasmid and transferred into a cell
shotgun sequencing
sequences small pieces of genomes which are assemble by a computer
metagenomics
study of genetic material directly from environmental samples
humane genome project
sequenced entire human genome
human proteome project
aims to map proteins expressed in human cells
bioinformatics
understanding gene function via computer-assisted analysis
proteomics
determining proteins expressed in a cell
reverse genetics
discovering gene function from a genetic sequence
southern blotting
DNA proves detect specific DNA in fragments of RFLPs separated by gel electrophoresis
RFLP
restriction fragment link polymorphism
