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Microbiology > Chapter 2: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

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2
Q

catabolism

A

provides energy and building blocks for anabolism

polymers to monomers

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3
Q

anabolism (lysis)

A

uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules (synthesis)
monomers to polymers

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4
Q

metabolic pathway

A

sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

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5
Q

metabolic pathway sequence prevents

A

overproduction

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6
Q

equation for ATP

A

ADP + P(i)= ATP

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7
Q

collision theory

A

chemical reactions occur when atoms collide

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8
Q

activation energy

A

minimum energy needed to disrupt electronic configuration and allow reaction to occur

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9
Q

what do enzymes do to activation energy

A

decrease it, thus increasing reaction rate

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10
Q

reaction rate

A

frequency of collisions with enough energy for a reaction

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11
Q

reaction rate can be increased by

A

enzyme, increase in temp or pressure

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12
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts, protein, specific to a certain substance, not used in a reaction

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13
Q

components of enzymes

A

apoenzymes, cofactor, holoenzymes

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14
Q

apoenzymes

A

inactive enzymes

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15
Q

holoenzymes

A

active enzymes

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16
Q

coenzymes

A

NAD+ (vitamin B-12), NADP+, FAD

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17
Q

how can enzymes be denatured

A

temperature or pH

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18
Q

what influences enzyme activity

A

substrate concentration

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19
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

inhibitor fits into active site and directly blocks substrate from binding

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20
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

inhibitor fits into allosteric site - changes shape of active site indirectly preventing substrate from binding

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21
Q

feedback inhibition

A

controls amount of substrate produced by a cell, usually allosteric inhibition
final product serves as noncompetitive inhibitor

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22
Q

confirmational change

A

changing shape of protein

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23
Q

redox reaciton

A

oxidation, reduction

LEO says GER

24
Q

biological oxidations are often

A

dehydrogenations

25
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

26
Q

adenosine

A

adenine and ribose

27
Q

phosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to ADP to make ATP

28
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

transfer of high energy PO4- to ADP (free floating enzyme in cytosol)

29
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

transfer of electrons from one compound to another to generate ATP by chemiosmosis

30
Q

photosynthesis reduction equation

A

H2O + CO2 -> C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

31
Q

chemosynthesis equation

A

H2S + CO2 -> C6H12O6 + S

32
Q

3 steps of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
kreb’s cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

33
Q

glycolysis

A

multistep breakdown of glucose into pyruvate generates net 2 ATP and 2 NADH

34
Q

glycolysis occurs where

A

cytoplasm

35
Q

glycolysis is oldest pathway because

A

doesn’t need O2
every lifeform uses it
occurs in cytoplasm

36
Q

alternate pathways

A

pentose phosphate and entner-doudoroff

37
Q

pentose phosphate

A

yields net gains of only 1 ATP for each glucose

38
Q

entner-doudoroff

A

yields 2 NADPH and 1 ATP

39
Q

kreb’s cycle

A

oxidation of acetyl CoA

40
Q

kreb’s cycle occurs in

A

mitochondrial matrix

41
Q

transition step generates

A

acetyl CoA from pyruvate (decomposition)

42
Q

krebs cycle produces

A

2 ATP and 3 NADH and precursor metabolites

43
Q

electron transport chain occurs in

A

cristae of mitochondria

44
Q

ETC formed by

A

series of cytochromes (electron carriers)

45
Q

redox reactions in ETC

A

electron carriers from glycolysis and krebs cycle transfer their electrons to ETC

46
Q

pmf

A

proton motive force

47
Q

in chemiosmosis, pmf generates

A

energy via oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

main purpose of krebs cycle is to

A

harvest hydrogen to be used in ETC

49
Q

three ways of disrupting ATP synthesis

A

block cytochrome
knock out ATPase
make phosphobilipid layer leaky

50
Q

final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

A

inorganic molecule NO3-, SO4-2

51
Q

practical uses of fermentation

A

spoilage of food, alcohol or acidic dairy production, industrial processes

52
Q

amylase

A

digests carbohydrates

53
Q

cellulase

A

digests cellulose (only bacteria and fungi have this enzyme)

54
Q

protein digested by

A

extracellular proteases into amino acids

55
Q

how to break down amino acids into organic acids

A

deamination
decarboxylation
dehydrogenation
desulfurylation

56
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

use same organic compound as energy source and carbon source

Microbiology (8 decks)

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