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Microbiology > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

microorganism

A

an organism too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

types of microorganisms

A

bacteria, archae, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, multicellular animal parasites

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3
Q

why are viruses considered to be microorganisms?

A

they are not alive (they do not carry out respiration) but they do impact living things

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4
Q

pathogenic

A

disease-causing

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5
Q

six things that microorganisms do for us

A 
decompose organic waster
generate oxygen
treat diseases
produce chemical products
produce fermented foods
produce manufactured products
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6
Q

TEM

A

transmission electron microscope: views inside a dead specimen

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7
Q

SEM

A

scanning electron microscope: view surface of specimen

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8
Q

epidemic

A

widespread outbreak of infectious disease

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9
Q

endemic

A

localized outbreak of infectious disease

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10
Q

Carolus Linneaus established

A

system of scientific binomial nomenclature

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11
Q

scientific name consists of

A

genus and specific epithet

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12
Q

species

A

two organisms that can mate and reproduce a viable offspring

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13
Q

why is it difficult to classify bacteria?

A

horizontal gene transfer allows the sharing of genetic material without being related

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14
Q

why was Escherichia coli given its name?

A

discovered by Theodor Escherich

lives in the colon

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15
Q

three domains of life in order of appearance

A

archae bacteria - no nucleua
(eu)bacteria - no nucleus
eukaryo - nucleus

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16
Q

prokaryotes

A

unorganized nucleus

consists of bacteria and archae

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17
Q

bacteria have cell walls made of

A

peptidoglycan (carbohydrate, peptide protein)

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18
Q

bacteria divide by means of

A

binary fission

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19
Q

bacteria get energy from

A

organic or inorganic chemicals

photosynthesis

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20
Q

archae have cell walls made of

A

they do not have cell walls

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21
Q

archae live in

A

extreme environments

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22
Q

three examples of archae

A

methanogens
halophiles
thermophiles

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23
Q

methanogens

A

produce methane in anaerobic conditions

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24
Q

halophiles

A

live in environments with high salt concentrations

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25
Q

thermophiles

A

live in environments with extremely high temperatures or low (acidic) pHs

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26
Q

eukaryotes

A

have defined nucleus

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27
Q

eukaryotic microorganisms

A

fungi
protozoa
algae
multicellular animal parasites

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28
Q

fungi cell wall is made up of

A

chitin

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29
Q

fungi gets nutrients by

A

absorbing organic chemicals

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30
Q

unicellular fungi

A

yeasts

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31
Q

multicellular fungi

A

molds and mushrooms

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32
Q

mold

A

masses of mycelia, composed of hyphae (filaments)

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33
Q

protozoa get nutrients by

A

absorbing or ingesting organic chemicals

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34
Q

how can protozoa be motile?

A

pseudopod
cilia
flagella

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35
Q

where can protozoa live?

A

free living or parasitic

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36
Q

algae cell wall is made up of

A

cellulose

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37
Q

algae live in

A

freshwater, salt water, or soil

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38
Q

algae get energy

A

photosynthesis

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39
Q

algae produce

A

carbohydrates and oxygen

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40
Q

multicellular animal parasites are considered microorganisms because

A

they have microscopic stage in life cycle

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41
Q

helminths

A

parasitic flat and round worms that have microscopic early life stage

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42
Q

viruses are considered to be

A

acellular (not living)

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43
Q

viruses genetic material

A

DNA OR RNA core

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44
Q

virus core may be surrounded by

A

protein coat

lipid envelope

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45
Q

viruses can replicate when

A

living in an active host cell

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46
Q

what if a virus is not inside of an active host cell?

A

it may remain inert for minutes to years depending on the virus

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47
Q

Carl Woese

A

classified Archae

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48
Q

Hooke

A

reported living things are composed of little boxes (cells)

marks beginning of cell theory

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49
Q

van Leeuwenhoek

A

observed first microbes (animalcules) through magnifying glass

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50
Q

spontaneous generation

A

hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter

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51
Q

biogenesis

A

hypothesis that living cells only arise from preexisting living cells

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52
Q

Redi

A

decaying meat experiment
showed that maggots come from fly eggs, not the meat
supported biogenesis

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53
Q

Needham

A

boiled broth in covered flask experiment
microbial growth because he did not heat the broth enough
supported spontaneous generation

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54
Q

Spallanzani

A

boiled nutrient solution in sealed flask
no microbial growth because he heated the broth enough to kill the microbes
supported biogenesis

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55
Q

Pasteur

A

boiled nutrient broth in flask, one sealed, one open
microbial growth in open flask
demonstrated microbes are present in air - biogenesis

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56
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology

A

1857-1914, began with Pasteur’s work

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57
Q

discoveries during the Golden Age

A

biogenesis
relationship between microbes and disease
immunity
antimicrobial drugs

58
Q

discoveries during the Golden Age: fermentation

A

microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in absence of air

Pasteur

59
Q

discoveries during the Golden Age: microbial growth responsible for

A

spoilage of food and beverages

bacteria spoils wine by converting it to acetic acid

60
Q

discoveries during the Golden Age: pasteurization

A

application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

61
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

some diseases are cause by microorganisms

62
Q

Bassi

A

showed a silkworm disease was caused by fungus

63
Q

Pasteur’s contribution to Germ Theory

A

showed another silkworm disease was caused by protozoan

64
Q

Semmelweis

A

advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever

65
Q

Lister

A

used chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infection
proved microbes cause surgical wound infections

66
Q

Lister applied whose work for his discovery

67
Q

Lister’s discovery caused surgical complications to drop

68
Q

Koch

A

discovered bacterium causes anthrax

69
Q

what is Koch’s Postulates?

A

experimental steps to demonstrate that specific microbe causes a specific disease

70
Q

what are Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. observe ill person and extract infected tissue
  2. grow cultures in lab
  3. inoculate a healthy person
  4. if previously healthy person shows same symptoms, proves that illness is contagious
71
Q

Jenner

A

inoculated healthy person with cowpox virus - subject became immune to smallpox

72
Q

vaccination is derived from the Latin word

A

vacca - cow

73
Q

immunity

A

protection

can be passive or active

74
Q

attenuated

A

weakened virus in vaccines to allow body to form antibodies (passive immunity)

75
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment of disease with chemicals

76
Q

agents for treatment can either be

A

synthetic drugs or antibiotics

77
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

78
Q

why have some strains of bacteria become resistant to drugs?

A

overuse
not finishing prescription
sharing prescriptions

79
Q

first synthetic drug

A

quinine tree bark used to treat malaria

80
Q

Ehrlich

A

speculated about “magic bullet” that could destroy pathogen without harming host

81
Q

what drug did Ehrlich develop and what did it treat?

A

salvarsan

syphilis

82
Q

what was synthesized in the 1930s

A

sulfonamides - synthetic antimicrobial agents that serve as basis for many drugs

83
Q

Fleming

A

discovered first antibiotic by accident

noticed bacteria free are around fungul growth in a petri dish

84
Q

first antibiotic discovered

A

Penicillin, secreted by Penicillium notatum (fungus)

85
Q

study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

86
Q

study of fungus

87
Q

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

A

parisitology

88
Q

study of viruses

89
Q

Iwanowski and Stanley

A

discovered virus causes of mosaic disease of tobacco

90
Q

study of immunity

A

immunology

91
Q

how are viruses prevented

A

use of vaccines and interferons

92
Q

Lancefield

A

classified streptococci based on cell wall components

93
Q

gram positive

A

shows purple stain

peptidoglycan wall retains dye

94
Q

gram negative

A

shows red or pink stain

peptidoglycan wall is not outermost layer so dye is washed away

95
Q

microbial genetics

A

study of how microbes inherit traits

96
Q

molecular biology

A

study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

97
Q

genomics

A

study of organism’s genes

provides new tools for classifying microorganisms

98
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA made from two different sources

99
Q

Berg

A

inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA

bacteria produced animal protein

100
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

showed genes encode a cell’s enzymes

101
Q

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

A

showed DNA is hereditary material

102
Q

Watson, Crick

A

proposed model of DNA structure

103
Q

Jacob and Monod

A

discovered role of mRNA in protein synthesis

104
Q

Microbial Ecology

A

study of relationship between microorganisms and envrionment

bacteria convert C, O, N, S, P into usable forms

105
Q

bioremediation

A

using microbes to clean up pollutants (degrade organic material in sewage, oil, mercury, etc.)

106
Q

microbes that are pathogenic to insects are

A

alternatives to pesticides

107
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis

A

infections from Bt are fatal in insects but harmless to plants and animals
decreases usage of chemical pesticides

108
Q

biotechnology

A

use of microbes for practical applications (food, chemical, pharmacology industries)

109
Q

recombinant DNA technology

A

enables bacteria and fungi to produce variety of proteins, vaccines, enzymes

110
Q

gene therapy

A

can replace missing or defective genes in humans

111
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organisms used to prevent crops from insects, freezing

112
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes normally presented in/on human body

113
Q

what does normal microbiota do?

A

prevent growth of pathogens
produce growth factors (vitamins B, K)
create resistance

114
Q

resistance

A

ability of body to ward off disease

115
Q

resistance factors

A

skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals (sebum, tears, etc.)

116
Q

biofilms

A

microbes attach to sold surface and grow into masses

117
Q

biofilms can grow on

A

rocks, pipe, teeth, medical implants, etc.

118
Q

how are biofilms harmful?

A

can cause infection, often resistant to antibiotics

119
Q

emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

A

new disease and disease increasing incidence

120
Q

EIDs occur when

A

pathogen invades host and overcomes host’s resistance

121
Q

EIDs are caused by

A

water, air, or food borne viruses, bacteria, or protozoans

122
Q

Middle East Respiratory System (MERS) caused by

A

MERS-CoV (coronavirus)

123
Q

MERS is common to

A

SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

124
Q

MERS caused

A

100 deaths in Middle East from 2012-2014

125
Q

Avian Influenza A (H5N1)

A

influenza A virus primarily in waterfowl and poultry

sustained human-human transmission not yet occured

126
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

A

became resistant to penicillin, them methicillin, than vancomycin

127
Q

VISA

A

vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus

128
Q

VRSA

A

vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

129
Q

West Nile Encephalitis (WNE) caused by

A

West Nile virus

130
Q

WNE first diagnosed in

A

Uganda, 1937

131
Q

WNE first appeared in United States in

A

New York City, 1999

132
Q

WNE transmitted from

A

birds to horses to humans by mosquitoes

133
Q

E. Coli 0157 H7

A

toxin-producing strain of E. Coli that causes bloody diarrhea

134
Q

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF)

A

Ebola virus that causes fever, hemorrhaging, clotting

Transmitted via contact with infected blood/body fluids

135
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Caused by cryptosporidium protozoa
Causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
Transmitted by water

136
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

Sexually transmitted disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

137
Q

How many people are affected by AIDS?

A

35 million worldwide, 6000 new infections each day

138
Q

Demographics of AIDS patients

A

26% are female, 49% are African-American

139
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

A

Caused by prion that also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

140
Q

New variant of CJD in humans related to

A

Cattle that were fed with prion-infected sheep meat

141
Q

Bovine
Sponge
Enceph

A

Cattle
Makes tissue spongy
Brain

Microbiology (8 decks)

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