chapter 3: Mental Health Examined through the Social Sciences Flashcards
What are two theories of individual and group behaviour we will be looking at?
- Depth psychology
- Behaviourism
What 3 theories are talked about in Depth psychology?
- psychoanalysis –> Sigmund Freud
- Inferiority Complex –> Alfred Adler
- Collective Unconscious –> Carl Jung
What was Psychoanalysis?
- understanding human behaviour by looking into the UNCONSCIOUS MIND
What two aspects of the mind are in constant conflict according to Freud?
- “id”
- “superego”
What is the “id”?
- natural/innate response
- instinct (sex drive, aggression)
-in the unconcious mind
what is the superego?
- inner representation of societal norms and culutral conventions
- shaped by social and family environment
in all levels of consciousness
-MORALS
What did freud compare the mind to?
an iceberg
what mediates the id and the superego and reality?
the ego –> conscious mind
according to freud, if you resolved conflict by repressing unacceptable drive and were unaware of it because it occurred in the unconscious mind, what could this lead to?
depression and anxiety
What is the Inferiority complex?
- only one side of a two sided coin (other side is superiortiy complex)
- how social strucutres may cause us to feel helpless or powerless
- ex: low self esteem, shy, self-critical
DO we as humans strive to overcome inferiority complex by increasing our sense of self-esteem?
YES
What is Carl Jung’s Collective Unconscious?
- shows how we all share a deep level of our mind
- had these “archetypes” to explain personality = mythological designs
- ex: magician = power, explorer=freedom, jester=enjoyment , lover=intimacy, hero= mastery
What is the goal of behaviour therapy?
identify how people with mental health problems learned maldaptive responses to their environment
What are two theories looked at in behaviour therapy?
- Classic conditioning –> pavlov
- Operant/Instrumental Conditioning –> skinner
What is Classical Conditioning?
- learning responses that involve association between environmental stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus
- had to do with the dogs and salvating at food and then creating a conditioned response to a bell ringing causing the dog to start to salavate as it associated the bell (neutral stimulus turned conditioned) with receiving food
What is Operant/Instrumental conditioning?
- consists of rewards and punishments in terms of behaviour
- can either increase or decrease the frequency of behaviour
What are the 4 conditons of operant/instrumental conditioning?
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- positive punishment
- negative punishment
What is the difference between positive and neative reinforcement
positive = stimulus is added to increase behaviour (ex: give money to clean their room increases this behaviour)
negative = stimulus is removed to increase behaviour (ex: don’t have to work weekends increase the motivation to go to work)
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
positive = add stimulus (add something you hate) to decrease behaviour (ex: give homework )
negative = remove stimulus (remove something you love) to decrease behaviour (ex: take way weekends off)
What is cognitive behavioural therapy?
focuses on asking “how do thoughts and cognitions relate to our behaviours?”
- “go-to” model not from pharmaceutical model
What is herd behaviour?
behaviour changes when people are in large groups or crowds –> tend to gravitate to what others do
- the more people do it, the more technically appropriate it is
ex: helping others in distress
What is known as “the madness of crowds”?
excited mobs have been known to act more violently or irrationally than any one individual member would –> herd behaviour!
What is Erik Erikson known for?
“stages of psychosocial development”
- all about identity development
- go through 8 stages
- failure to navigate each stage can result in an identity crisis –> mental health problems
What are the 8 crises and basic virtues of the stages of psychosocial development according to Erikson? ( see slide 12)
- Trust vs mistrust –> hope
- autonomy vs shame –> will
- initiative vs guilt –> purpose
- industry vs inferiority –> competency
- identity vs role confusion –> fidelity
- intimacy vs isolation –> love
- generativity vs stagnation –> care
- ego integrity vs despair –> wisdom
What is Lawerence Kohlberg known for?
stages of moral development
- 3 main stages, 6 sub stages
- develop the ability to reason out the moral aspects of a situation and make an appropriate ethical decision
What are the 3 main stages of kohlberg’s moral development?
- pre-conventional
- conventional
- post-conventional
See slide 13 for moral development table for Kohlberg
What is the Systems Theory Model? What are the 3 dimensions to families?
- shows how behaviour and development is influenced by FAMILIES!
-describes families in 3 dimensions:
1. cohesion
2. flexibility
3. communication
What is the dimension of Cohesion in Systems Theory model?
degree of emotional bonding among family members
What is the dimension of flexibility in Systems Theory model?
amount of change that is tolerated in the family’s leadership and relationship rules
What is the dimension of communication in Systems Theory model?
listening skills, self-disclosure, clarity, respect
What did Emily Durkheim propose in regards to society and mental health?
people living in societies undergoing a high degree of fragmentation (breaking down) experience anomie
What is an anomie?
when social and or mental norms are confused, unclear or just absent
- lead to alienation or isolation due to lack of connectedness
individuals with low levels of connections to social networks have poor health and higher mortality rates. true or false
true
What is social constructionism?
-only subjective views
- conceptions of mental health is socially constructed and vary across societies –> ex: birth cohorts
Can instability have a negative impact on a populations? if so, how?
YES
- ex: greece in an economic crisis in 2011 increased rates of suicide
- ex: refugees experiencing violence and social unease increase risk for volatile mental health problems
- ex: indigenous peoples and residential schools –> lead to a condition called “residential school syndrome”
Your environment does not have an impact on your mental health. true or false
false –> IT DOES
what are 12 social determinants of health?
- income including distribution
- housing
- education
- early life
- gender
- employment and working conditons
- unemployment and employment security
- aboriginal status
- social exclusion
- social safety net
- food security
- health care services
many social determinants of health correlate and interact creating intersectionality. true or false
true
poverty is strongly correlated with poor health but relationship is not linear. true or false
true
The more money you have does not neccessairly mean you will be happier. Happiness does start to taper off after a certain point as money is seen as a luxury. true or flase
true
additional welfare confers little advantage on health
tru
What are the 9 elements of “gross national happiness”?
- living standards
- psycholsocial well-being
- health
- time use
- education
- cultural diversity and resilience
- good governance
- ecological diversity and resilience
- common vitality
What is “gross national happiness”?
- founded in buhtan
- its used as opposed to Gross Domestic Product
- measure the collective happiness and well-being of a population
What is the typical characteristics (x5) of someone who is homeless based on highest statistics?
- 25-54 years old
- male
- have income assistance or on welfare
- have addiction issues
- subpopulation is usually indigenous
Stable housing does not provide the safety needed for people to function day to day. true or false
false –>IT DOES
What constitutes homelessness?
lack of regular, fixed, or adequate night time address
