Chapter 12: Treatment for Mental Disorders and Substance Use Disorder

Question 1

What are the 3 approaches to treating mental health and Substance Use disorders?

Answer 1

1. biological treatments
2. psychological approaches
3. spiritual approaches

Question 2

What is psychopharmcotherapy?

Answer 2

use of MEDICATIONS to treat psychiatric symptoms

predominant form of treatment

Question 3

What are “antipsychotic medications”?

Answer 3

• aka as “miracle drug”
• block dopamine receptors in various areas of the brain

Question 4

Why did first generation antipyschotic meds declined in use?

Answer 4

• caused “extrapyramidal symptoms” –> movement disroders that resulted from inhibition of dopamine
• caused an “oculogyric crisis” –> fixed upward stare of the eyes lasting for several minutes to an hour

Question 5

Are second generation antipsychotics now the typical standard treatment of psychosis? if so, what is the name of one?

Answer 5

YES
clozapine

Question 6

What are antidepressant medications?

Answer 6

• treat mood disorders –> depression, dysthymic disorder, anxiety
• effective for people with moderate to severe forms of depression

Question 7

What are 3 examples of antidepressants meds?

Answer 7

1. tricyclic antidepressants
2. monoamine oxidase inhibitors
3. SSRIs

Question 8

What is the most frequently prescribed antidepressant?

Answer 8

SSRIs

Question 9

What are “mood stabilizer” medications?

Answer 9

• for people with bipolar disorder
• controls abnormally high mood states
• usually it is lithium

Question 10

What are “sedative” medications?

Answer 10

• induce sleep
• reduce agitation and anxiety

Question 11

What is the most common “sedative” medication prescribed?

Answer 11

benzodiazepines

Question 12

What is “substitution therapy” for substance use dependence?

Answer 12

• replace illicit drugs with less harmful prescription medication
• prevents withdrawl symptoms
• reduces harmful effects of drug use

Question 13

What is substitution therapy most used for?

Answer 13

people with an opiate dependence

Question 14

What are some issues with psychopharmacotherapy?

Answer 14

• lead to polypharmacy (aka “pharmacological cocktail”)
• leads to other evidence-based treatments not being used as much since this field is more predominant

Question 15

What is Electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer 15

• passing an electric current through the brain to induce a seizure
• treatment of severe depression

Question 16

What is one side effect of electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer 16

short term memory impairment

Question 17

What is magnetic seizure therapy?

Answer 17

just like ECT but have more control over induced seizure
- less memory loss side effects

Question 18

What is neurostimulation?

Answer 18

ex: deep brain stimulation
- more focal brain stimulation
- implantable pulse generator –> get intermittent pulses to electrodes that have been implanted in your brain to stimulate specific areas

Question 19

what is psychosurgery?

Answer 19

• more common in 1950s
• “ice pick lobotomy”

Question 20

What are the 3 topics talked about surrounding the psychotherapy treatment of “self-management and peer support”?

Answer 20

1. “self-help”
2. supported self-management
3. peer support

Question 21

What is “self-help”?

Answer 21

• more on your own
• books, movies, websites, etc..
• reasonably effective, inexpensive, more private

Question 22

What is “supported self-management”?

Answer 22

• teach individuals skills for coping with mental health problems (still on your own but having guidance from others)
• based on CBT
• get coaching from health care provider, family, or peer counsellor –> work as “checkpoints” to give some direction
• builds on coping strengths
• gives person a sense of personal competence

Question 23

What is “peer support”?

Answer 23

groups with people who have gone through similar scenarios and are aware of it
ex: AA meeting

Question 24

What is Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT)?

Answer 24

• most widely practiced –> #1 go to!
• recognizes maladaptive behaviours and distorted thought patterns
• gives skills to change habits and behaviour

Question 24

What are the 4 critical features of CBT?

Answer 24

1. focus on the present 2. collaborative relationship b/w therapist and client 3. goals are CONCRETE, SPECIFIC, MEASUREABLE 4. time-limited --> want to see evolvement as person progresses through treatment

Question 25

What is dialectical behaviour therapy?

Answer 25

intervention for borderline personality disorder

Question 26

What are psychoanalytic therapies?

Answer 26

- applied Freud theories - resolve conflicts that operate unconciously - longer sessions - more abstract - therapist is really distant - change is achieved through development of insight

Question 27

What is "play therapy"?

Answer 27

- for children ages 3-12 - one-on-one sessions with children using toys, art, games, and stories - the play has a "cathartic" effect --> allows children to express emotions that they hold in - create a "decontextualized environment" without parents so the child can be free and secure in environment --> can see what's really going on with child

Question 28

What is "family therapy"?

Answer 28

- invovlement of families in treatment - can be in conjunction with play therapy sometimes!

Question 29

What is "motivational interviewing"?

Answer 29

- typically for substance use disorders - helped to consider their current situations and envisage the changes they would like to put in place

Question 30

What is one religious, spiritual, and meditative approach to treatmetnt?

Answer 30

mindfulness

Question 31

What is mindfulness

Answer 31

- like meditation - increase one's capacity to be clearly aware of one's immediate situation, without feeling the need to "fix them" - promotes acceptance and openness - effective for anxiety and depression

Question 32

What are 3 things must be considered when choosing the appropriate treatment?

Answer 32

1. pattern, duration, and severity of problem 2. availability of social or financial supports 3. other physical or mental disorders

Question 33

What are 6 things to put in your "self-care" kit as students who deal with high levels of stress?

Answer 33

1. learning to set action goals 2. finding a means to ground and balance yourself (ex: exercise, yoga, music) 3. relaxation (ex: slow breathing method, think of an image that calms you) 4. worry management 5. structured problem solving 6. identify a social support network

Question 34

What is learning to set action goals?

Answer 34

set goals for trying out new ways of coping must be specific, realistic, and scheduled

Question 35

What is worry management?

Answer 35

-start by writing down a problem you worry about - then you practice calm and realistic thinking - its like you are "talking back" to the worry thinking

Question 36

What is structured problem solving?

Answer 36

write down the advantages and disadvantages of each action - choose one action to try out - make it a goal to carry out the action

Question 37

How do you identify a social support network?

Answer 37

finding people you TRUST in your life - problems can become more of a burden when you keep them to yourself