Chapter 3: Introductory Gene Function Flashcards
mutation
changes in the genetic material of a cell
DNA polymerase
catalyzes DNA synthesis/replication
single RNA strand ~80 nucleotides long, L-shaped, carry specific amino acid to ribosome
tRNA have/are…
specific coding region of gene containing no termination codons in sequence
open reading frame
codon
3 nucleotides encoding for specific amino acid
ribosome
binds mRNA and tRNA to facilitate protein synthesis
origins of replication
sites where DNA polymerase binds to begin synthesis
brings together mRNA, tRNA (w/ first amino acid of protein), and both ribosome subunits
Initiation
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
joins specific amino acid to correct tRNA on one end, which has anticodon on other end to recognize mRNA
Initiation
brings together mRNA, tRNA (w/ first amino acid of protein), and both ribosome subunits
primary structure
unique sequence of amino acids
must be processed and modified
mRNA before leaving nucleus?
- highly specialized
- catalysts (accelerate reactions)
- provide favorable environment
enzyme properties (x3)
overall 3D shape of polypeptide
interactions between amino acids R groups, H-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions
tertiary structure
results from?
secondary structure
folding/coiling of polypeptide
point mutations (e.g.)
changes in one base pair of a gene that leads to the production of an abnormal protein
e.g. hemoblogin is mutated in sickle-cell anemia: CTC –> CAC (Glu–>Val)
helicase
unwinds DNA for DNA polymerase
amino acids added to preceeding one
elongation
tertiary structure
results from?
overall 3D shape of polypeptide
interactions between amino acids R groups, H-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions
mRNA before leaving nucleus?
must be processed and modified
elongation
amino acids added to preceeding one
catalyzes RNA synthesis; opens DNA strands and hooks together RNA nucleotides (5’–>3’); sub T for U
RNA polymerase
UAG, UAA, UGA vs AUG
stop codons (x3) vs start codon
sites where DNA polymerase binds to begin synthesis
origins of replication
unwinds DNA for DNA polymerase
helicase
changes in the genetic material of a cell
mutation
stop codons (x3) vs start codon
UAG, UAA, UGA vs AUG
tRNA have/are…
single RNA strand ~80 nucleotides long, L-shaped, carry specific amino acid to ribosome
3 nucleotides encoding for specific amino acid
codon
catalyzes DNA synthesis/replication
DNA polymerase
binds mRNA and tRNA to facilitate protein synthesis
ribosome
open reading frame
specific coding region of gene containing no termination codons in sequence
unique sequence of amino acids
primary structure
folding/coiling of polypeptide
secondary structure
occurs when ribosome reaches stop codon
termination
quaternary structure (e.g.?)
overall protein structure resulting from aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide subunits (e.g. ribosome)
overall protein structure resulting from aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide subunits (e.g. ribosome)
quaternary structure (e.g.?)
termination
occurs when ribosome reaches stop codon
joins specific amino acid to correct tRNA on one end,which has anticodon on other end to recognize mRNA
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
enzyme properties (x3)
- highly specialized
- catalysts (accelerate reactions)
- provide favorable environment
RNA polymerase
catalyzes RNA synthesis; opens DNA strands and hooks together RNA nucleotides (5’–>3’); sub U for T
changes in one base pair of a gene that leads to the production of an abnormal protein
e.g. hemoblogin is mutated in sickle-cell anemia: CTC –> CAC (Glu–>Val)
point mutations (e.g.)