Chapter 3 Infancy & Childhood

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

the study of how human beings grow and change throughout their lives

Question 2

grasping reflex

Answer 2

primitive, prehensile, involuntary response to a mechanical stimulus present in a newborn (item put in their hands, hand automatically grasps it)

Question 3

rooting reflex

Answer 3

automatic oral action in healthy newborns (mouth is touched, baby turns head, opens mouth, and moves tongue to simulate drinking)

Question 4

telegraphic speech

Answer 4

communication using simple 2-word sentences with a noun and verb

Question 5

schema

Answer 5

graphical representation that makes it easy to organize information or knowledge (a collection of thoughts that make you understand something)

Question 6

assimilation

Answer 6

the process of taking in and understanding ideas

Question 7

accomodation

Answer 7

something that helps you satisfy a need (e.g. if you only have 1 leg, an accomodation would be a wheelchair or a prosthetic leg to walk)

Question 8

representational thought

Answer 8

a process that can lead us to isolation from our direct experience of the world and from each other

Question 9

conservation

Answer 9

prevention of wasteful use of a resource (like conserving water)

Question 10

egocentric

Answer 10

thinking only of oneself without regard for feelings or desires of othersimpr

Question 11

imprinting

Answer 11

when animals form an extremely close and dependent bond with the first animal they see after birth (ducks can imprint on humans)

Question 12

socialization

Answer 12

mixing socially with others

Question 13

identification

Answer 13

process where a person adopts characteristics or attributes of a group

Question 14

sublimation

Answer 14

channeling unacceptable urgers into socially acceptable behaviors (eg. you might want to punch someone but instead you go work out to release the anger)

Question 15

role taking

Answer 15

looking at a situation from another’s view point to understand their thoughts and actions

Question 16

3 main issues studied by developmental psychologists

Answer 16

continuity vs. discontinuity
stability vs. change
nature vs. nurture

Question 17

What changes happen when an embryo becomes a fetus

Answer 17

development of facial features, limbs, organs, bones, and muscles

Question 18

why are newborn’s reflexes important?

Answer 18

they determine if the brain and nervous system are working properly

Question 19

what might prevent a child from achieving maturational readiness

Answer 19

malnutrition, restricted movement, no human contact or stimulation, lack of comfort

Question 20

How does a newborn’s auditory perception differ from visual perception?

Answer 20

auditory comes at birth, visual develops over time

Question 21

what are 2 points of view about language acquisition?

Answer 21

behavioral, generative

Question 22

identify 3 steps from leaning language

Answer 22

basics, contexts, expressions

Question 23

why is human language more complex than chimpanzees?

Answer 23

Chimps do not have a set language and don’t have complex communication with grammar

Question 24

Object permanance

Answer 24

understanding that things exist even if you can’t see them. You can retain a mental image of the item.

Question 25

how does egocentric thinking keep a child from understanding things?

Answer 25

they believe their view of the world is shared by everyone else

Question 26

4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 26

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 27

sensorimotor stage

Answer 27

0-2 years, discover difference between self and things around them, schemas that involve their body/sensations

Question 28

preoperational stage

Answer 28

2-7 years, language development, mental images used to understand things, think in concrete or present

Question 29

concrete operational

Answer 29

7-11 years, logical schemas begin to be used, able to see things from others perspectives and imagine things that could happen outside of their own lives

Question 30

formal operational stage

Answer 30

12+ years, solves abstract problems, speculates on the future

Question 31

Vygotsky’s ideas of development

Answer 31

children develop in stages, the culture and what a child is exposed to shapes how they go through the stages, social learning comes before cognitive development

Question 32

Piaget’s theory of development

Answer 32

children develop in stages, growth/maturity happens when children gain cognitive development

Question 33

4 patterns of attachment

Answer 33

secure (balance needing to stay close but also explore), avoidant (distressed at parent leaving but avoids parent when they return), anxious (not upset when a parent leaves, but angry when they return), disorganized (behaves inconsistently)

Question 34

3 types of parenting styles

Answer 34

authoritarian (parents the boss, kids have no say, strong discipline)
authoritative (children participate in some decision making, parents listen and explain, balance between strict and gentle discipline)
permissive (children have the final say, no rules, rare discipline)

Question 35

Freud

Answer 35

-children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges
-childhood experiences shape socially acceptable manner
-oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
-id, ego, superego

Question 36

Erikson

Answer 36

-psychosocial development
-we move through crises and issues as we mature
-we develop based on how other people respond to us