Chapter 3 Infancy & Childhood Flashcards
developmental psychology
the study of how human beings grow and change throughout their lives
grasping reflex
primitive, prehensile, involuntary response to a mechanical stimulus present in a newborn (item put in their hands, hand automatically grasps it)
rooting reflex
automatic oral action in healthy newborns (mouth is touched, baby turns head, opens mouth, and moves tongue to simulate drinking)
telegraphic speech
communication using simple 2-word sentences with a noun and verb
schema
graphical representation that makes it easy to organize information or knowledge (a collection of thoughts that make you understand something)
assimilation
the process of taking in and understanding ideas
accomodation
something that helps you satisfy a need (e.g. if you only have 1 leg, an accomodation would be a wheelchair or a prosthetic leg to walk)
representational thought
a process that can lead us to isolation from our direct experience of the world and from each other
conservation
prevention of wasteful use of a resource (like conserving water)
egocentric
thinking only of oneself without regard for feelings or desires of othersimpr
imprinting
when animals form an extremely close and dependent bond with the first animal they see after birth (ducks can imprint on humans)
socialization
mixing socially with others
identification
process where a person adopts characteristics or attributes of a group
sublimation
channeling unacceptable urgers into socially acceptable behaviors (eg. you might want to punch someone but instead you go work out to release the anger)
role taking
looking at a situation from another’s view point to understand their thoughts and actions
3 main issues studied by developmental psychologists
continuity vs. discontinuity
stability vs. change
nature vs. nurture
What changes happen when an embryo becomes a fetus
development of facial features, limbs, organs, bones, and muscles
why are newborn’s reflexes important?
they determine if the brain and nervous system are working properly
what might prevent a child from achieving maturational readiness
malnutrition, restricted movement, no human contact or stimulation, lack of comfort
How does a newborn’s auditory perception differ from visual perception?
auditory comes at birth, visual develops over time
what are 2 points of view about language acquisition?
behavioral, generative
identify 3 steps from leaning language
basics, contexts, expressions
why is human language more complex than chimpanzees?
Chimps do not have a set language and don’t have complex communication with grammar
Object permanance
understanding that things exist even if you can’t see them. You can retain a mental image of the item.
how does egocentric thinking keep a child from understanding things?
they believe their view of the world is shared by everyone else
4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor stage
0-2 years, discover difference between self and things around them, schemas that involve their body/sensations
preoperational stage
2-7 years, language development, mental images used to understand things, think in concrete or present
concrete operational
7-11 years, logical schemas begin to be used, able to see things from others perspectives and imagine things that could happen outside of their own lives
formal operational stage
12+ years, solves abstract problems, speculates on the future
Vygotsky’s ideas of development
children develop in stages, the culture and what a child is exposed to shapes how they go through the stages, social learning comes before cognitive development
Piaget’s theory of development
children develop in stages, growth/maturity happens when children gain cognitive development
4 patterns of attachment
secure (balance needing to stay close but also explore), avoidant (distressed at parent leaving but avoids parent when they return), anxious (not upset when a parent leaves, but angry when they return), disorganized (behaves inconsistently)
3 types of parenting styles
authoritarian (parents the boss, kids have no say, strong discipline)
authoritative (children participate in some decision making, parents listen and explain, balance between strict and gentle discipline)
permissive (children have the final say, no rules, rare discipline)
Freud
-children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges
-childhood experiences shape socially acceptable manner
-oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
-id, ego, superego
Erikson
-psychosocial development
-we move through crises and issues as we mature
-we develop based on how other people respond to us
