Chapter 3 - Individual Behaviour & Process

Question 1

3 characteristics of Self-Concept

Answer 1

1. Complexity
2. Consistency
3. Clarity

Question 2

4 processes of Self-Concept

Answer 2

1. Social self
2. Self enhancement
3. Self evaluation
4. Self verification

Question 3

Definition of Self Concept

Answer 3

An individuals self beliefs and self evaluations

Question 4

Definitions of Self Enhancement

Answer 4

An individuals inherent motivation to perceive one-self as above average (attractive, intelligence, lucky, importance etc) in support of ones Self-Concept

Question 5

Definition of Self Verification

Answer 5

An individuals inherent motivation to confirm or maintain his or her Self-Concept

Question 6

Definition of Self Efficacy

Answer 6

A persons belief in ones-own Motivation, Ability and Role Clarity (MARs) to achieve/complete a task

Question 7

3 Elements of Self Evaluation

Answer 7

1. Self efficacy
2. Self-esteem
3. Locus of control

Question 8

Social Identify Theory

Answer 8

People define themselves by the groups they association themselves with and have an emotional attachment

Question 9

5 Traits of Self Enhancement

Answer 9

1. Confidence
2. Persistence
3. Criticism
4. Motivation
5. Risk taking

Question 10

Definition of Perception

Answer 10

The process of receiving and interpreting information and the world around us

Question 11

Model of Perceptual Process

Answer 11

Environmental stimuli/inputs –> Emotional Markers –> Selective attention –> Perception

Question 12

4 methods of building Self Efficacy

Answer 12

1. Role Modeling
2. Enactive mastery (practice)
3. Verbal persuasion and feedback
4. Positive emotional state

Question 13

Definition of Mental models

Answer 13

Knowledge structures we build and use to define, process and predict the world around us

Question 14

Definition of Categorical Thinking

Answer 14

A mostly subconscious process of grouping things by proximity, similarity and in an effort to gain cognitive closure. The basis of Stereotyping.

Question 15

3 reasons for Stereotyping

Answer 15

1. Self enhancement
2. Cognitive closure
3. Simplicity

Question 16

Why does Stereotyping persist and what can be don to minimize

Answer 16

This persists as it is mainly based on subconscious categorical thinking. Activation is hardwired however application can be minimized through awareness.

Question 17

Definition of self-serving bias

Answer 17

Attributing favourable outcomes to yourself rather than the situation (an internal attribution error)

Question 18

Definition of fundamental attribution error

Answer 18

Attributing unfavourable outcomes due to a person rather than the situation (an external attribution error)

Question 19

Definition of Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 19

A perceptual process where our expectations influence how we treat someone, who in turn act and reinforce these expectations

Question 20

What can influence self-fulfilling prophecy and how to overcome it

Answer 20

Strong at the start of a relationship and when more people are party to the initial expectations
Can be overcome by reinforcing positive organisational behaviour

Question 21

4 Perceptual effects

Answer 21

1. Halo effect
2. Recency effect
3. Primary effect (first impressions)
4. False-consensus effect (overestimating)

Question 22

Johari Window Model (4 areas)

Answer 22

Matrix of disclosure to others vs feedback from others

1. Known to self and others (Open)
2. Known to self and hidden from others (Hidden)
3. Known to others but hidden from self (Blind)
4. Not known to anyone (Unknown)

Question 23

Definition of contact hypothesis

Answer 23

The more we interact with someone, the less prejudiced or perceptually biased we are towards them

Question 24

Definition of Global Mindset

Answer 24

Ability to perceive, appreciate and empathise with other cultures

Question 25

3 Inputs of Self-Image

Answer 25

1. Individual self (personal traits) 2. Collective self (contribution to larger groups) 3. Relational self (relations with others)