Chapter 3 - Genetics, Conception, Fetal Dvlpt, Reproductive Technology Flashcards

1
Q

T.O.R.C.H. teratogenics

A
Toxoplasmosis
Others (Syphilis, Varicella)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Varicella
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2
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

protozoan parasite found in cat feces + uncooked/rare beef + lamb

  • can cause fetal demise, mental retardation, blindness
  • avoid cat litter + undercooked beef/lamb
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3
Q

when are fetuses most vulnerable?

A

first 8 weeks

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4
Q

Cytomegalovirus may cause

A
  • hydrocephaly
  • microcephaly
  • cerebral calcification
  • mental retardation
  • hearing loss
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5
Q

Syphilis may cause

A
  • skin, bone, teeth defects

- fetal demise

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6
Q

Herpes varicella may cause

A
  • hypoplasia of hands + feet
  • blindness/cataracts
  • mental retardations
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7
Q

Rubella may cause

A
  • heart defects
  • deafness/blindness
  • mental retardation
  • fetal demise
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8
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

based on maturation of ova
1 follicular phase
2 ovulatory phase
3 luteal phase

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9
Q

follicular phase

A

start: 1st day of menstruation
end: 12-14 days after
- graafian follicle matures due to LH + FSH

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10
Q

maturing follicle secretes…

A

estrogen

-causes endometrium to thicken + become more vascular to prep for implantation

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11
Q

ovulatory phase

A

start: peak of estrogen
end: release of oocyte
- LH peaks 12-36 hr before ovulation
- before peak, estrogen falls + progesterone incr

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12
Q

ovulation

A

release of oocyte (egg) fr matured graafian follicle

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13
Q

luteal phase

A

start: after ovulation
end: ~14 days
- follicle> corpus luteum
- secretes high lvl progesterone + low lvl estrogen

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14
Q

corpus luteum
if pregnancy occurs…
vs
if no pregnancy occurs

A

Prg: keeps secreting E + P until placenta can take over

Not P: corp.lut degenerates> FALL in P> starts the menstruation

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15
Q

Endometrial Cycle

A

1 proliferative phase
2 secretory phase
3 menstrual phase

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16
Q

proliferative phase

A

start: after menstruation
end: ovulation
- endometrium gets thicker + more vascular in prep for implantation
- –fr incr level of estrogen

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17
Q

secretory phase

A

start: ovulation
end: onset of menstruation
- endometrium cont to thicken
- progesterone is secreted by corp.lut

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18
Q

what happens to endometrium when corpus luteum degrades?

A

tissue degenerates

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19
Q

menstrual phase

A

sloughing + expulsion of endometrial tissue

20
Q

ductus venosus

A

connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

-allows for most of oxygenated blood to go directly to right atrium

21
Q

foramen ovale

A

connects right + left atrium

  • blood in rt atrium is shunted to left atrium
  • that way less is going to the lungs and more is going into circulation
  • bc lungs are NOT the site of gas exchange
22
Q

when does foramen ovale close?

A
  • closes after delivery in response to increased blood returning to the left atrium
  • takes 3 months to fully seal
23
Q

ductus arteriosis

A

connects pulmo artery w descending aorta (which goes to systmc circ)
-most of oxygenated blood is shunted to aorta w small amounts to lungs

24
Q

when dos ductus arteriosis close?

A

after birth, it constricts in response to higher blood oxygen levels + prostaglandins

25
Q

functions of placenta

A

1 metabolic + gas exchange

2 hormone production

26
Q

hormones produced by placenta

A

1 progesterone
2 estrogen
3 hCG
4 hPL

27
Q

progesterone

A
  • thickens endometrium to facilitate in implantation
  • reduces uterine contraction
  • reduces GI motility
28
Q

estrogen

A

stimulates enlargment of breasts + uterus

29
Q

hCG

A

stimulates corpus luteum to continue secreting P + E

-rapidly rises in 1st trimester then rapidly declines

30
Q

hPL

A

1 regulates glucose> promotes fetal growth

2 stim breast dvlpt

31
Q

viruses that can cross placenta

A

rubella + cytomegalovirus

32
Q

when does the placenta become fully functional

A

8th-10th wk

33
Q

amniotic fluid composition

A
  • mostly water
  • macros
  • electrolyte
  • fetal cell
  • lanugo
  • vernix caseosa
34
Q

amniotic fluid production

A

1st tri: amniotic membrane

2-3rd tri: produced by fetal kidneys

35
Q

peak amt of amniotic fluid + amt at term

A

800-1000 mL at 34 wk

-decreases to 500-600 at term

36
Q

amniotic fluid function

A
  • cushion
  • prevents adhesion to membrane
  • allows more fetal mvmt> good for muscle/bones
  • consistent thermal environment
37
Q

polyhydramnios

A

1500-2000 mL

38
Q

polyhydramnios incr risk for…

A
  • chromosomal disorders
  • GI issues
  • cardiac
  • neural tube
39
Q

oligohydramnios

A

less than 500 mL or 50% reduction of norm amount

40
Q

oligohydramnios is generally r/t

A

decr in placental functions

41
Q

oligohydramnios incr risk for…

A

congenital renal problems

42
Q

whartons jelly

A

collagenous product that cushions cord fr compression

43
Q

infertility for younger than 35

A

inability to conceive + maintain pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sex

44
Q

infertility for older than 35

A

inability to conceive + maintain pregnancy after 6 months of unprotected sex

45
Q

rubella tx

A

vaccine 3 months before getting pregnant or 3 months after labor