Chapter 3 - Genetics, Conception, Fetal Dvlpt, Reproductive Technology

Question 1

T.O.R.C.H. teratogenics

Answer 1

Toxoplasmosis
Others (Syphilis, Varicella)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Varicella

Question 2

Toxoplasmosis

Answer 2

protozoan parasite found in cat feces + uncooked/rare beef + lamb

• can cause fetal demise, mental retardation, blindness
• avoid cat litter + undercooked beef/lamb

Question 3

when are fetuses most vulnerable?

Answer 3

first 8 weeks

Question 4

Cytomegalovirus may cause

Answer 4

• hydrocephaly
• microcephaly
• cerebral calcification
• mental retardation
• hearing loss

Question 5

Syphilis may cause

Answer 5

• skin, bone, teeth defects

- fetal demise

Question 6

Herpes varicella may cause

Answer 6

• hypoplasia of hands + feet
• blindness/cataracts
• mental retardations

Question 7

Rubella may cause

Answer 7

• heart defects
• deafness/blindness
• mental retardation
• fetal demise

Question 8

Ovarian Cycle

Answer 8

based on maturation of ova
1 follicular phase
2 ovulatory phase
3 luteal phase

Question 9

follicular phase

Answer 9

start: 1st day of menstruation
end: 12-14 days after
- graafian follicle matures due to LH + FSH

Question 10

maturing follicle secretes…

Answer 10

estrogen

-causes endometrium to thicken + become more vascular to prep for implantation

Question 11

ovulatory phase

Answer 11

start: peak of estrogen
end: release of oocyte
- LH peaks 12-36 hr before ovulation
- before peak, estrogen falls + progesterone incr

Question 12

ovulation

Answer 12

release of oocyte (egg) fr matured graafian follicle

Question 13

luteal phase

Answer 13

start: after ovulation
end: ~14 days
- follicle> corpus luteum
- secretes high lvl progesterone + low lvl estrogen

Question 14

corpus luteum
if pregnancy occurs…
vs
if no pregnancy occurs

Answer 14

Prg: keeps secreting E + P until placenta can take over

Not P: corp.lut degenerates> FALL in P> starts the menstruation

Question 15

Endometrial Cycle

Answer 15

1 proliferative phase
2 secretory phase
3 menstrual phase

Question 16

proliferative phase

Answer 16

start: after menstruation
end: ovulation
- endometrium gets thicker + more vascular in prep for implantation
- –fr incr level of estrogen

Question 17

secretory phase

Answer 17

start: ovulation
end: onset of menstruation
- endometrium cont to thicken
- progesterone is secreted by corp.lut

Question 18

what happens to endometrium when corpus luteum degrades?

Answer 18

tissue degenerates

Question 19

menstrual phase

Answer 19

sloughing + expulsion of endometrial tissue

Question 20

ductus venosus

Answer 20

connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

-allows for most of oxygenated blood to go directly to right atrium

Question 21

foramen ovale

Answer 21

connects right + left atrium

• blood in rt atrium is shunted to left atrium
• that way less is going to the lungs and more is going into circulation
• bc lungs are NOT the site of gas exchange

Question 22

when does foramen ovale close?

Answer 22

• closes after delivery in response to increased blood returning to the left atrium
• takes 3 months to fully seal

Question 23

ductus arteriosis

Answer 23

connects pulmo artery w descending aorta (which goes to systmc circ)
-most of oxygenated blood is shunted to aorta w small amounts to lungs

Question 24

when dos ductus arteriosis close?

Answer 24

after birth, it constricts in response to higher blood oxygen levels + prostaglandins

Question 25

functions of placenta

Answer 25

1 metabolic + gas exchange | 2 hormone production

Question 26

hormones produced by placenta

Answer 26

1 progesterone 2 estrogen 3 hCG 4 hPL

Question 27

progesterone

Answer 27

- thickens endometrium to facilitate in implantation - reduces uterine contraction - reduces GI motility

Question 28

estrogen

Answer 28

stimulates enlargment of breasts + uterus

Question 29

hCG

Answer 29

stimulates corpus luteum to continue secreting P + E | -rapidly rises in 1st trimester then rapidly declines

Question 30

hPL

Answer 30

1 regulates glucose> promotes fetal growth | 2 stim breast dvlpt

Question 31

viruses that can cross placenta

Answer 31

rubella + cytomegalovirus

Question 32

when does the placenta become fully functional

Answer 32

8th-10th wk

Question 33

amniotic fluid composition

Answer 33

- mostly water - macros - electrolyte - fetal cell - lanugo - vernix caseosa

Question 34

amniotic fluid production

Answer 34

1st tri: amniotic membrane | 2-3rd tri: produced by fetal kidneys

Question 35

peak amt of amniotic fluid + amt at term

Answer 35

800-1000 mL at 34 wk | -decreases to 500-600 at term

Question 36

amniotic fluid function

Answer 36

- cushion - prevents adhesion to membrane - allows more fetal mvmt> good for muscle/bones - consistent thermal environment

Question 37

polyhydramnios

Answer 37

1500-2000 mL

Question 38

polyhydramnios incr risk for...

Answer 38

- chromosomal disorders - GI issues - cardiac - neural tube

Question 39

oligohydramnios

Answer 39

less than 500 mL or 50% reduction of norm amount

Question 40

oligohydramnios is generally r/t

Answer 40

decr in placental functions

Question 41

oligohydramnios incr risk for...

Answer 41

congenital renal problems

Question 42

whartons jelly

Answer 42

collagenous product that cushions cord fr compression

Question 43

infertility for younger than 35

Answer 43

inability to conceive + maintain pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sex

Question 44

infertility for older than 35

Answer 44

inability to conceive + maintain pregnancy after 6 months of unprotected sex

Question 45

rubella tx

Answer 45

vaccine 3 months before getting pregnant or 3 months after labor