Chapter 3: Forming a New Life Flashcards
Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception.
a. Fertilization
b. Zygote
c. Cells
d. Egg cells
a. Fertilization
One-celled organism resulting from fertilization.
a. Fertilization
b. Zygote
c. Cells
d. Egg cells
b. Zygote
Methods used to achieve conception through artifical means.
a. Dizygotic twins
b. Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
c. Cesarean
d. Fertilization
b. Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
Twins conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings.
a. Dizygotic twins
b. Multiple births
c. Mutation
d. Monozygotic twins
a. Dizygotic twins
Twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called identical twins; they are genetically similar.
a. Dizygotic twins
b. Multiple births
c. Mutation
d. Monozygotic twins
d. Monozygotic twins.
Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life.
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
b. Genes
c. Sex chromosomes
d. Chromosomes
a. Deoxyribonuceic acid (DNA)
Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells.
a. Chromosomes
b. Human genome
c. Genetic code
d. Autosomes
c. Genetic code
Coils of DNA that consist of genes.
a. DNA
b.Genetic code
c. Genes
d. Chromosomes
d. Chromosomes
Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity.
a. Genetics
b. Sex chromosomes
c. Mutations
d. Genes
d. Genes
Complete sequence of genes in the human body.
a. Human genome
b. DNA
c. Autosomes
d. Mutations
a. Human genome
Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics.
a. Chromosomes
b. Autosomes
c. Mutations
d. Sex chromosomes
c. Mutations
In human, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression.
a. Autosomes
b. DNA
c. Genetic code
d. Genes
a. Autosomes
Pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male.
a. DNA
b. Genetic code
c. Chromosomes
d. Sex chromosomes
d. Sex chromosomes
Two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait.
a. Alleles
b. Genes
c. Chromosomes
d. Autosomes
a. Alleles
Possessing two identical alleles for a trait.
a. Dizygotic twins
b. Heterozygous
c. Homozygous
d. Monozygotic twin
a. Homozygous
Possessing differing alleles for a trait.
a. Dizygotic twins
b. Heterozygous
c. Homozygous
d. Monozygotic twin
b. Heterozygoes
Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed.
a. Polygenic inheritance
b. Dominant inheritance
c. Recessive inheritance
b. Dominant inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait.
a. Polygenic inheritance
b. Dominant inheritance
c. Recessive inheritance
c. Recessive inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait.
a. Polygenic inheritance
b. Dominant inheritance
c. Recessive inheritance
a. Polygenic inheritance
Oservable characteristics of a person.
a. Traits
b. Phenotype
c. Epigenesis
d. Genotype
b. Phenotype
Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.
a. Traits
b. Phenotype
c. Epigenesis
d. Genotype
d. Genotype
Combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits.
a. Multifactorial transmission
b. Phenotype
c. Epigenesis
d. Genotype
a. Multifactorial transmission
Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.
a. Multifactorial transmission
b. Phenotype
c. Epigenesis
d. Genotype
c. Epigenesis
Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5.
a. Spina bifida
b. Cystic fibrosis
c. Polycystic kidney disease
d. Tay-Sachs disease
d. Tay-Sachs disease
Deformed red blood cells that clog blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen; symptoms include severe pain, stunted growth, infections, leg ulcers, gallstones, pneumonia, and stroke.
a. Alpha thalassemia
b. Sickle-cell anemia
c. Beta thalassemia
d. Hemophilia
b. Sickle-cell anemia
Infantile form: enlarged kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure.
Adult form: kidney pain, kidney stones, and hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure.
a. Polycystic kidney disease
b. Anencephaly
c. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
d. Duchene muscular dystrophy
a. Polycystic kidney disease
Metabolic disorder resulting in intellectual disability.
a. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
b. Alpha thalassemia
c. Beta thalassemia
d. Tay-Sachs disease
a. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Incompletely closed spinal canal, muscle weakness or paralysis, and loss of bladder and bowel control; often accompanied by hydrocephalus, an accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain.
a. Anencephaly
b. Spina bifida
c. Hemophilia
d. Cystic fibrosis
b. Spina bifida
Absense of brain tissues; infants are stillborn or die soon after birth.
a. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
b. Sickle-cell anemia
c. Anencephaly
d. Cystic fibrosis
c. Anencephaly
Excessive bleeding, usually affecting males; in its most severe form, can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthodd.
a. Hemophilia
b. Alpha thalassemia
c. Beta thalassemia
d. Tay-Sachs disease
a. Hemophilia
Fatal disease usually found in males, marked by muscle weakness and minor intellectual disability; respiratory failure and death usually occur in young adulthood.
a. Cystic fibrosis
b. Anencephaly
c. Polycystic kidney disease
d. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
d. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Overproduction of mucus, which collects in the lung and digestive tract; children do not grow normally; short life span; the most common inherited lethal defect among White people.
a. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
b. Cystic fibrosis
c. Spina bifida
d. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
b. Cystic fibrosis
Severe anemia resulting in weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness; usually fatal in adolescence or young adulthood.
a. Alpha thalassemia
b. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
c. Polycystic kidney disease
d. Beta thalassemia
d. Beta thalassemia
Severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to caryy oxygen; nearly all affected infants are stillborn or die soon after birth.
a. Alpha thalassemia
b. Cystic fibrosis
c. Beta thalassemia
d. Spina bifida
a. Alpha thalassemia
Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait.
a. Complete dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Sex-linked dominance
d. Recessive inheritance
b. Incomplete dominance
Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.
a. Complete dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Sex-linked dominance
d. Recessive inheritance
c. Sex-linked dominance
Which sex chromosome abnormality pattern is characterized as:
Female; short stature, webbed neck, impaired spatial abilities, no menstration, infertility, underdeveloped sex organs.
a. XYY
b. XXX (triple X)
c. XXY (Klinefelter)
d. XO (Turner)
e. Fragile X
d. XO (Turner)
Which sex chromosome abnormality pattern is characterized as:
Male; tall stature; tendency towards low IQ, especially verbal.
a. XYY
b. XXX (triple X)
c. XXY (Klinefelter)
d. XO (Turner)
e. Fragile X
a. XYY
Which sex chromosome abnormality pattern is characterized as:
Male; sterility, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, small testes, learning disorders.
a. XYY
b. XXX (triple X)
c. XXY (Klinefelter)
d. XO (Turner)
e. Fragile X
c. XXY (Klinefelter)
Which sex chromosome abnormality pattern is characterized as:
Minor-to-severe intellectual disability more severe in males; delayed speech and motor development, hyperactivity; the most common inherited form of intellectual disability.
a. XYY
b. XXX (triple X)
c. XXY (Klinefelter)
d. XO (Turner)
e. Fragile X
e. Fragile X
Which sex chromosome abnormality pattern is characterized as:
Female; normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, intellectual dissabilities.
a. XYY
b. XXX (triple X)
c. XXY (Klinefelter)
d. XO (Turner)
e. Fragile X
b. XXX (triple X)
Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes. Also called trisomy-21.
a. Triple X
b. Down syndrome
c. Klinefelter
d. Turner
b. Down syndrome
Clinical service that advices prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.
a. Karyotyping
b. Genes
c. Genetic counseling
d. Heritability
c. Genetic counseling
Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior.
a. Concordant
b. Heritability
c. Genetic counseling
d. Behavioral genetics
d. Behavioral genetics
Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population.
a. Concordant
b. Heritability
c. Genetic counseling
d. Behavioral genetics
b. Heritability
Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.
a. Concordant
b. Heritability
c. Genetic counseling
d. Behavioral genetics
a. Concordant
Potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait.
a. Reaction range
b. Canalization
c. Intelligence
d. Heritability
a. Reaction range
Limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics.
a. Reaction range
b. Canalization
c. Intelligence
d. Heritability
b. Canalization
The portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions.
a. Genotype-environment interaction
b. Genotype-environment correlation
c. Niche-picking
d. Nonshared environmental effects
a. Genotype-environment interaction
Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance.
a. Genotype-environment interaction
b. Genotype-environment correlation
c. Niche-picking
d. Nonshared environmental effects
b. Genotype-environment correlation
Tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.
a. Genotype-environment interaction
b. Genotype-environment correlation
c. Niche-picking
d. Nonshared environmental effects
c. Niche-picking
The unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences that affect one child differently than another.
a. Genotype-environment interaction
b. Genotype-environment correlation
c. Niche-picking
d. Nonshared environmental effects
d. Nonshared environmental effects
Characteristic diposition, or style of approaching and reactinv to situations.
a. Psychopathology
b. Schizophrenia
c. Personality
d. Temperament
d. Temperament
Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions.
a. Psychopathology
b. Schizophrenia
c. Personality
d. Temperament
b. Schizophrenia
Period of development between conception and birth.
a. Gestation
b. Duration
c. Development
d. Gestational age
a. Gestation
Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle.
a. Gestation
b. Duration
c. Development
d. Gestational age
d. Gestational age
Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction; that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.
a. Germinal stage
b. Germinal age
c. Proximodistal principle
d. Cephalocaudal principle
d. Cephalocaudal principle
Principle that development proceeds from within to without; that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.
a. Proximodistal principle
b. Cephalocaudal principle
c. Germinal stage
d. Germinal age
a. Proximodistal principle
First 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus.
a. Embryonic stage
b. Germinal stage
c. Fetal stage
b. Germinal stage
Second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs.
a. Embryonic stage
b. Germinal stage
c. Fetal stage
a. Embryonic stage
Final stage of gestation (from 8 to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.
a. Embryonic stage
b. Germinal stage
c. Fetal stage
c. Fetal stage
The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, ocurring at about day 6.
a. Implantation
b. Spontaneous abortion
c. Fertilization
d. Pregnancy
a. Implantation
Natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb; also called miscarriage.
a. Implantation
b. Spontaneous abortion
c. Fertilization
d. Pregnancy
b. Spontaneous abortion
Prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is prgressing normally.
a. Gestation
b. Amniocentesis
c. Ultrasound
d. Fetoscopy
c. Ultrasound
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Possible to visually determine baby’s sex. Ultrasound shows clearly defined bone structure.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
g. 16 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Skin pink and smooth. Chubby appearance.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
l. 32 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Possible to hear heartbeat with stethoscope. Baby covered by fine downy hair called lanugo. Fetal movements called quickening are felt by mother.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
h. 20 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Nervous system begins to form.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
a. 3 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Fingernails can be seen.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
j. 24 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Growth of head slows. Formation of red blood cells by liver slows.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
e. 12 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Nervous system can carry out some integrative functions. Reacts to light. Usually assumes upside-down position as birth approaches.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
m. 38 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Head continues rapid growth.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
c. 5 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Rapid eye movements commence. Substantial weight gain.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
i. 21 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Almost all body parts are differentiated.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
d. 8 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Begins to coodernate limb movement.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
f. 14 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Eyes open and close. Lungs capable of breathing.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
k. 28 weeks
Which age of the milestones in prenatal development describes:
Heart begins to beat.
a. 3 weeks
b. 4 weeks
c. 5 weeks
d. 8 weeks
e. 12 weeks
f. 14 weeks
g. 16 weeks
h. 20 weeks
i. 21 weeks
j. 24 weeks
k. 28 weeks
l. 32 weeks
m. 38 weeks
b. 4 weeks
Environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiatio, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities.
a. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
b. Teratogen
c. Stress
d. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
b. Teratogen
Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.
a. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
b. Teratogen
c. Stress
d. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a. Fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS)
Viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system.
a. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
b. Teratogen
c. Stress
d. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
d. Acquired immune difeciency syndrome (AIDS)
(1) Physical or psychological demands on a person or organism. (2) Response to physical or psychological demands.
a. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
b. Teratogen
c. Stress
d. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
c. Stress
