Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development

Question 1

Scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human life span.

a. Life-span development
b. Growth and development
c. Human development
d. Evolution field

Answer 1

c. Human development

Question 2

Concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically.

a. Life-span development
b. Growth and development
c. Human development
d. Evolution field

Answer 2

a. Life-span development

Question 3

Growth of body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.

a. Cognitive development
b. Social construct
c. Psychosocial development
d. Physical development

Answer 3

d. Physical development

Question 4

Pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

a. Cognitive development
b. Social construct
c. Psychosocial development
d. Physical development

Answer 4

a. Cognitive development

Question 5

(1) Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships. (2) In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self.

a. Cognitive development
b. Social construct
c. Psychosocial development
d. Physical development

Answer 5

c. Psychosocial development

Question 6

A concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society.

a. Cognitive development
b. Social construct
c. Psychosocial development
d. Physical development

Answer 6

b. Social construct

Question 7

Physical Development:
(1) conception occurs by normal fertilization or other means
(2) The genetic endowment interacts with environmental influences from the start.
(3) Basic body structures and organs form; brain growth sprut begins.
(4) Physical growth is the most rapid in the life span.
(5) Vulnerability to environmental influences is great.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 7

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)

Question 8

Physical Development:
(1) Most people are healthy and active, although health and physical abilities generally
decline.
(2) Slowing of reaction time affects some aspects of functioning.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 8

h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Question 9

Physical Development:
(1) Growth is steady; appearance becomes more slender and proportions more adultlike.
(2)Appetite diminishes, and sleep problems are common.
(3)Handedness appears; fine and gross motor skills and strength
improve.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 9

c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)

Question 10

Physical Development:
(1) Physical condition peaks, then declines slightly.
(2) Lifestyle choices influence health.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 10

f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)

Question 11

Physical Development:
(1) Growth slows.
(2) Strength and athletic skills improve.
(3) Respiratory illnesses are common, but health is generally better than at any other time in the life span.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 11

d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)

Question 12

Physical Development:
(1) Physical growth and other changes are rapid and profound.
(2) Reproductive maturity occurs.
(3) Major health risks arise from behavioral issues, such as eating disorders and drug abuse.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 12

e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)

Question 13

Physical Development:
(1) All senses and body systems operate at birth to varying degrees.
(2) The brain grows in complexity and is highly sensitive to environmental influence.
(3) Physical growth and development of motor skills are rapid.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 13

b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)

Question 14

Physical Development:
(1) Slow deterioration of sensory abilities, health, stamina, and strength may begin, but individual differences are wide.
(2) Women experience menopause

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 14

g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)

Question 15

Cognitive Development:
(1) Abilities to learn and remember are present, even in early weeks.
(2) Use of symbols and ability to solve problems develop by end of second year.
(3) Comprehension and use of language develop rapidly.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 15

b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)

Question 16

Cognitive Development:
(1) Most people are mentally alert.
(2) Although intelligence and
memory may deteriorate in some areas, most people find ways to compensate.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 16

h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Question 17

Cognitive Development:
(1) Thought and moral judgments become more complex.
(2) Educational and occupational choices are made, sometimes after period of exploration.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 17

f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)

Question 18

Cognitive Development:
(1) Egocentrism diminishes. Children begin to think logically but concretely.
(2) Memory and language skills increase.
(3) Cognitive gains permit children to benefit from formal schooling.
(4) Some children show special educational needs and strengths

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 18

d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)

Question 19

Cognitive Development:
(1) Abilities to learn and remember and to respond to sensory stimuli are developing

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 19

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)

Question 20

Cognitive Development:
(1) Ability to think abstractly and use scientific reasoning develops.
(2) Immature thinking persists in some attitudes and behaviors.
(3) Education focuses on preparation for college or vocation

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 20

e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)

Question 21

Cognitive Development:
(1) Thinking is somewhat egocentric, but understanding
of other people’s perspectives grows.
(2) Cognitive immaturity results in some illogical ideas about the world.
(3) Memory and language improve.
(4) Intelligence becomes more predictable.
(5) Preschool experience is common, and kindergarten experience is more so.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 21

c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)

Question 22

Cognitive Development:
(1) Mental abilities peak; expertise and practical problem-solving skills are high.
(2) Creative output may decline but improve in quality.
(3) For some, career success and earning powers peak; for others, burnout or career change may occur.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 22

g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)

Question 23

Psychosocial Development:
(1) Sense of identity continues to develop; midlife transition may occur.
(2) Dual responsibilities of caring for children and parents may cause stress.
(3) Launching of children leaves empty nest.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 23

g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)

Question 24

Psychosocial Development:
(1) Fetus responds to mother’s voice and develops a preference for it.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 24

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)

Question 25

Psychosocial Development:
(1) Self-concept and understanding of emotions become more complex; self-esteem is global.
(2) Independence, initiative, and self-control increase.
(3) Gender identity develops.
(4) Play becomes more imaginative, more elaborate, and usually more social.
(5) Altruism, aggression, and fearfulness are common.
(6) Family is still the focus of social life, but other children become more important.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 25

c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)

Question 26

Psychosocial Development:
(1) Retirement from workforce may occur and may offer new options for use of time.
(2) People develop more flexible strategies to cope with personal losses and impending death.
(3) Relationships with family and close friends can provide important support.
(4) Search for meaning in life assumes central importance.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 26

h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Question 27

Psychosocial Development:
(1) Search for identity, including sexual identity, becomes central.
(2) Relationships with parents are generally good.
(3) Peer group may exert a positive or negative influence.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 27

e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)

Question 28

Psychosocial Development:
(1) Attachments to parents and others form.
(2) Self-awareness develops.
(3) Shift from dependence toward autonomy occurs.
(4) Interest in other children increases.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 28

b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)

Question 29

Psychosocial Development:
(1) Personality traits and styles become relatively stable, but changes in personality may be influenced by life stages and events.
(2) Intimate relationships and personal lifestyles are established but may not be lasting.
(3) Most people marry, and most become parents.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 29

f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)

Question 30

Psychosocial Development:
(1) Self-concept becomes more complex, affecting self-esteem.
(2) Coregulation reflects gradual shift in control from parents to child.
(3) Peers assume central importance.

a. Prenatal period (conception to birth)
b. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
c. Early childhood (ages 3 to 6)
d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)
e. Adolescence (ages 11 to about 20)
f. Emerging and young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
g. Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
h. Late adulthood (ages 65 and over)

Answer 30

d. Middle childhood (ages 6 to 11)

Question 31

Differences in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes.

a. Heredity
b. Individual differences
c. Environment
d. Development

Answer 31

b. Individual differences

Question 32

Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents.

a. Heredity
b. Individual differences
c. Environment
d. Development

Answer 32

a. Heredity

Question 33

Totality of nonheredity, or experiential, influences on development.

a. Heredity
b. Individual differences
c. Environment
d. Maturation

Answer 33

C. Environment

Question 34

Unfolding of a natural sequence of physical nd behavioral changes.

a. Heredity
b. Individual differences
c. Environment
d. Maturation

Answer 34

d. Maturation

Question 35

Two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren.

a. Extended family
b. Nuclear family
c. Family
d. Polygamy

Answer 35

B. Nuclear family

Question 36

Multigenerational kinship network of parents, children and other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household.

a. Extended family
b. Nuclear family
c. Family
d. Polygamy

Answer 36

a. Extended family

Question 37

Family structure in which one spouse, most commonly a man, is married to more than one partner.

a. Extended family
b. Nuclear family
c. Socioeconomic status (SES)
d. Polygamy

Answer 37

d. Polygamy

Question 38

Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation.

a. Extended family
b. Nuclear family
c. Socioeconomic status (SES)
d. Polygamy

Answer 38

c. Socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 39

A novel coronavirus disease causing fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic.

a. COVID-19
b. Pandemic
c. Culture
d. Epidemic

Answer 39

a. COVID-19

Question 40

Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative developmental outcome.

a. Fever
b. Pandemic
c. Risk factor
d. COVID-19

Answer 40

c. Risk factor

Question 41

A society’s or group’s total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products - all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children.

a. Culture
b. Individualistic culture
c. Collective culture
d. Ethnic group

Answer 41

a. Culture

Question 42

A culture in which people tend to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals.

a. Individualistic culture
b. Collective culture
c. Ethnic group
d. Ethnic minorities

Answer 42

a. Individualistic culture

Question 43

A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity.

a. Individualistic culture
b. Collective culture
c. Ethnic group
d. Ethnic minorities

Answer 43

c. Ethnic group

Question 44

Ethnic groups with national or cultural traditions different from the majority of the population.

a. Individualistic culture
b. Collective culture
c. Ethnic group
d. Ethnic minorities

Answer 44

d. Ethnic minorities

Question 45

A culture in which people tend to prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual goals and to view themselves in the context of their social relationships..

a. Individualistic culture
b. Collective culture
c. Ethnic group
d. Ethnic minorities

Answer 45

b. Collective culture

Question 45

An analytic framework focused on how a person’s multiple identities combine to create differences in privilege or discrimination.

a. Inequity
b. Intersectionality
c. Black Lives Matter
d. BIPOC

Answer 45

b. Intersectionality

Question 46

A political and social movements focused on eliminating racially based violence against Black people through nonviolent protest and activism.

a. Inequity
b. Intersectionality
c. Black Lives Matter
d. BIPOC

Answer 46

c. Black Lives Matter

Question 47

Acronym standing for Black, Indigenous, and people of color).

a. Inequity
b. Intersectionality
c. Black Lives Matter
d. BIPOC

Answer 47

d. BIPOC

Question 48

A grouping of humans distinguished by their outward physical characteristics or social qualities from other groups. Not a biological construct.

a. Cohorts
b. Norms
c. Ethnicity
d. Race

Answer 48

d. Race

Question 49

Overgeneralizition about an ethnic or cultural group that obscure differences within the group.

a. Ethnic gloss
b. Race
c. Ethnicity
d. Norm

Answer 49

a. Ethnic gloss

Question 50

A group of people born at about the same time.

a. Normative
b. Historical generation
c. Cohort
d. Nonnormative

Answer 50

c. Cohort

Question 51

A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.

a. Normative
b. Historical generation
c. Cohort
d. Nonnormative

Answer 51

b. Historical generation

Question 52

Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group.

a. Normative
b. Historical generation
c. Cohort
d. Nonnormative

Answer 52

a. Normative

Question 53

Characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life.

a. Normative
b. Historical generation
c. Cohort
d. Nonnormative

Answer 53

d. Nonnormative

Question 54

(1) Range of modifiability of performance. (2) Modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through experience.

a. Sensitive periods
b. Plasticity
c. Critical period
d. Imprinting

Answer 54

b. Plasticity

Question 55

Instinctive form of learning in which, during critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother.

a. Sensitive periods
b. Plasticity
c. Critical period
d. Imprinting

Answer 55

d. Imprinting

Question 56

Specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development.

a. Sensitive periods
b. Plasticity
c. Critical period
d. Imprinting

Answer 56

c. Critical period

Question 57

Times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kind of experiences.

a. Sensitive periods
b. Plasticity
c. Critical period
d. Imprinting

Answer 57

a. Sensitive periods