Chapter 3 Experimental Situations and 4 what determines the nature of the conditioned response

Question 0

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

Answer 0

The effectiveness of the stimulus in eliciting a reaction depends upon the condition of the pairing several times over with the unconditioned stimulus. There is no initial reaction to the stimulus at the start of the experiment, instead it develops over time.
Ex. The light or tone

Question 1

Object Learning

Answer 1

The association of one feature of an object with another

Ex. Dogs associate people who bring food with food and therefore salivate

Question 2

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

Answer 2

The effect of this stimulus is not dependent on trials over time
Ex. Food for saliva

Question 3

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 3

The response received eventually by the conditioned stimulus.
Ex. The salivation to the light or tone

Question 4

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 4

A response that happens naturally and doesn’t need to be learned
Ex. Salivating at food

Question 5

Conditioned Supression

Answer 5

Suppression of ongoing behavior, immobility
Ex. For rats studied there are two types
- licking suppressant
- conditioned fear response

Question 6

Luck Suppression Prodecure

Answer 6

Measure of licks made is effected by CS of a tone or light to make the rats lick less frequently
The latency to complete a number of licks is a measure of conditioned fear

Question 7

Conditioned Emotional Response

Answer 7

Measurement of conditioned fear
Rats trained to press lever for reward of food
After baseline gained fear conditioning introduced and they press the lever less frequently

Question 8

Suppression Ratio

Answer 8

The ratio created to find out the conditioned emotional response

CS responding/ (CS responding + preCS responding )

• the ratio has a value of zero if the rats suppress lever pressing completely during CS
• if there is no change in response the ratio is .5

Question 9

What does it mean to have a smaller suppression ratio?

Answer 9

There will be less motion in the animal because the CS get a larger conditioned fear response

Question 10

What is used as a base line for human condition suppression experiments

Answer 10

Video games

Question 11

Eye Blink Conditioning

Answer 11

Testing CS response using puffs of air to eyes
Good for tests on humans
Helps with research for autism, OCD, Alzheimer’s

Study of infants with CS = tone US= puff
Control group had CS and US spaced 4 to 8 seconds apart
Other group was 12 seconds apart
Paired group responded higher to CS at the begining of second session

Question 12

Eye Blink Conditioning on baby’s showed what?

Answer 12

Classical conditioning requires a CS and US pairing

Learning is not observable at first

Question 13

Engram

Answer 13

Biological memory of something learned in the brain that is stored for later use
Located in the hippocampus as it is used for CS-US associations
But also in the brain stem an cerebellum

Question 14

Sign Tracking

Autoshaping

Answer 14

Presenting a discrete localized visual stimulus just before the delivery of food
Ex. Pigeons with food and light

Question 15

What strange thing occurred when the light shown to signal the food for the birds

Answer 15

The birds would peck at it
Even though it wasn’t necessary
The reaction increases with the distance of the food
Make Quail approached light instead of female to mate

Question 16

Conditioning Trial

Answer 16

A configuration of a CS and US trial put together that can come in different orders

Question 17

Intertribal Interval

Answer 17

The time from the end of one trial to the start of another

Question 18

Inter stimulus Interval

Answer 18

The time from the start of the CS to the start of the US with in a conditioning trial
This is also called CS-US interval
For larger responding it is better to have a shorter interval than inter trial interval

Question 19

Short Delay Conditioning

Answer 19

Most frequently used
Delay the start of the us until slightly after (less than 1 min) the CS on each trial
The CS may continue through the US or end when it begins

Question 20

Trace Conditioning

Answer 20

CS presented first followed by US but there is a short delay in between the two
This gap is the trace interval

Question 21

Trace interval

Answer 21

The gap between the CS and the US in the trace conditioning trials

Question 22

Long Delayed Conditioning

Answer 22

CS starts before US but US is delayed much longer (5-10 min)
There is also no trace interval as the CS lasts until the US begins

Question 23

Simaltanious Conditioning

Answer 23

CS and US presented at same time

Question 24

Backward Conditioning

Answer 24

US occurs shortly before CS

Question 25

Test trial

Answer 25

Presenting the CS by itself

Question 26

Magnitude

Answer 26

How much a behavior occurs This is a way of measuring behavior during a CS Ex. Amount of saliva from dogs

Question 27

Probability of response

Answer 27

Measure of how often the CS elicits a CR | Ex. Ex blink response

Question 28

Latency

Answer 28

How soon the CR occurs after the CS | The amount of time between CS and CR

Question 29

Pseudo Conditioning

Answer 29

Exposure to the US produces increased responding to a previously ineffective stimulus The use of controls helps to tell this from US-CS pairings

Question 30

Random Control Procedure

Answer 30

Presenting the US periodically during both the CS and intertrial interval Make sure the probability is the same for both The CS does not here signal a change in probability that the US will occur Not the most useful control because having the probability the same doesn't stop conditioned responding

Question 31

Explicitly Unpaired Control

Answer 31

Presenting the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli on separate trials The CS and US are presented far enough apart to prevent their association

Question 32

When is conditioning most effective

Answer 32

The CS is a good signal of the delivery of the US The signal value is best in the Short delay procedure As the CS-US interval increases the reaction decreases The simultaneous and trace procedures also don't have good Predictors in the CS

Question 33

Temporal Coding Hypothesis

Answer 33

Classical conditioning that involves not only learning what to expect but when to expect it Ex) rats stick heads outfit food at 30 or 90 second intervals after beep

Question 34

Inhibitory Conditioning

Answer 34

Learn to predict the absence of the US | Ex. Out of gas at gas station vs lumber yard

Question 35

An example of CS+ and CS- scenario

Answer 35

Red Traffic light = CS+ Traffic Guard = CS- The CS- inhibits the effects of the CS plus and acts as a safety signal

Question 36

Negative CS-US Contingency

Answer 36

A form of conditioned inhibition No excitatory CS+ only a CS- negatively linked to US Needs a CS- with a negative correlation US occurs in the absence of CS usually and timing of US cannot be predicted Ex. Students bullied when teacher leaves

Question 37

How do you measure conditioned inhibition?

Answer 37

Bi-directional response systems Systems like pulse heart rate temperature all increase and decrease from a baseline Some behavior responses are also like approach or withdraw

Question 38

Compound Stimulus or Summation Test

Answer 38

One of best predictors of conditioned inhibition Based on the idea that it counter acts conditioned excitation Ex. Light gave shock when lick But light with tone didn't The light was able to transfer fear even when a different tone was involved that they had never correlated before

Question 39

Retardation of acquisition test

Answer 39

If a stimulus actively inhibits a response then it should be difficult to condition that stimulus to get a behavior The rate of excitatory conditioning should be retarded if the CS is a condition inhibitor

Question 40

Latent-Inhibition Effect or CS preexposure effect

Answer 40

Having a familiar stimulus makes it hard to associate with a US as a novel stimulus Disrupts the learning process Involve two phases 1) subjects given repeated presentation of the CS by itself (preexposure phase) 2) the CS is paired with a US with classical conditioning procedures This results in subjects slower to respond

Question 41

How is latent inhibition similar to habituation

Answer 41

Both limit processing and attention to stimuli that are presented Habituation serves to bias gained behavior in favor of novel stimuli and latent inhibition serves to bias learning in favor of novel stimuli

Question 42

US preexposure effect

Answer 42

Subjects shown US on its own for a couple trials then paired with CS the results show a slower learning rate then those with out previous US exposure

Question 43

Stimulus Salience

Answer 43

The significance or intensity of a stimulus effects the conditioned response Learning is assumed to occur more rapidly with a more salient stimuli

Question 44

Higher order Conditioning

Answer 44

Classical conditioning with out a US An old CS becomes so conditioned it becomes a stand in US Irrational fears 2 phases 1) a cue (CS1) is paired with a US that conditions a strong response 2) pairing the CS1 with CS2 conditions response now Higher order because levels Ex. Woman afraid of movies because of crowds (CS1 w/ US is first order conditioning and CS2 with CS1 is second order

Question 45

Sensory Preconditioning

Answer 45

An associated pair can create an aversion to the second item when a CS is paired with the first 2 stage processes 1) cinnamon (CS1) and vanilla (CS2 ) become associated with one another ( no US) 2) the CS1 is now paired with a US such as illness and a CR develops not just for the CS1 but for CS 2 also CS2 was never directly paired with the US

Question 46

Stimulus substitution model

Answer 46

He association of the CS with the US turns the conditioned stimulus into a surrogate US And activates neural circuits Only activated by the US before

Question 47

What evidence is there for Stimulus Substitution model?

Answer 47

The fact that salivation occurs with food CS and not blink test Pigeons open mouth wider for rice and not for water

Question 48

Homeostasis

Answer 48

Maintaining the stability of critical physiological functions A compensatory reaction is needed to neutralize the disturbance By anticipating changes subjects use conditioned responses to environment

Question 49

Conditioned Compensatory Responses

Answer 49

The impact of a drug will be reduced when around cues already associated with the drug

Question 50

US Devaluation

Answer 50

Method to tell the difference between SR responding and SS Establish association between CS and US, experimental group then try to make US less important from this the experimental group shows less CR

Question 51

Blocking Effect

Answer 51

By knowing the CS1 is paired with the US there is less of a chance for CS2 to be paired with US when CS1 as CS2 are presented together

Question 52

Rescorla Wagner Model

Answer 52

Effectiveness of a US is determined by how surprising it is

Question 53

What level of surprise would be involved in strong conditioned responses?

Answer 53

Very little surprised and little learning since it is already learned

Question 54

What is the formula for Rescorla Wagner Model

Question 55

What problems exist with Rescorla Wagner Model

Answer 55

The prediction of the conditioned inhibition doesn't match reality Rw model says would reach zero but I reality sometimes becomes more negative Views extinction as reverse aquaition but really seems to be new learning altogether between the CS and US (aka US doesn't follow CS) The same CS under different conditions can be both excitatory and inhibitory

Question 56

Augmentation or Contrablocking

Answer 56

Instead of distrusting conditioning of the added CS in phase 2 the previously conditioned stimulus or facilitated the conditioning of the added CS The Contrablocking or augmenting effect is one of a growing list of phenomena where the presence of one stimuli facilitates responding to another when simultaneously presented CS

Question 57

Temporal Coding Hypotheis

Answer 57

Participants learn when the US occurs in relation to a CS and use this info in blocking, second order conditioning