Chapter 3; Digestion Flashcards
if our digestive system isn’t functioning properly, we are not able to […] our bodies effectively with the nutrients they require
nourish
digestion extracts […], […], and other nutrients from the foods we consume to provide the body with the nutrients it needs for growth, maintenance, reproduction, repair, and continuous renewal of cells, tissues, and organs
vitamins
minerals
the health and proper function of an individuals […] […], then, is just as important as a nourishing diet
digestive system
first/four basic stages to the digestive process; food is ingested through the mouth and enters the […] channel called the […] canal, also called the […] tract (GI tract). the GI tract extends from the […] to the […] and includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
tubular
alimentary
gastrointestinal
mouth
anus
second/four basic stages to the digestive process; as food passes through the GI tract, it is […], or […] down into smaller units
digest
broken
third/four basic stages to the digestive process; the smaller units of nutrients then undergo […], meaning that they pass into the […] or […] system, which transports them throughout the body.
absorption
bloodstream
lymphatic
four/four basic stages to the digestive process; anything not absorbed is excreted as […] through the opening (the anus) at the other end
waste
the inside space of the GI tract is called the […], which is lined with a layer of mucosal cells called the mucosa, so named because it is protected by a layer of thick fluid called [..]. mucosal cells allow our body to […] nutrients so that they can be transported by the blood or lymph to where they are needed
lumen
mucus
absorb
the impaired digestion and malabsorption caused by celiac disease can predispose individuals to an early […]
deatht
Murray found that those with the antibodies against gluten died over subsequent decades than those men whose blood didn’t contain the antibodies
yes
the entire GI tract extends approximately […]-[…] meters (26-30 feet)
8-9
the digestive system includes the organs of the GI tract and […] organs: the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, and all of which secrete […] contain a variety of agents, such as enzymes and acids, that aid in digestion
accessory
fluids
digestion is composed of two processes: […] digestion and […] digestion
mechanical
chemical
the mechanical and chemical digestion’s break down the nutrients in food into […] and […] components so that the nutrients can be absorbed and utilized by our bodies
smaller
smaller
mechanical digestion is the […] fragmentation of foods into small particles, whereas chemical digestion breaks […] bonds to clear large molecules into smaller ones
physical
chemical
mechanical digestion begins in the […], where teeth crush and tear food into small bits. it continues in the […], as forceful contractions vigorously churn food. this churning action […] the small food fragments and […] large molecules to the digestive fluids that will chemically dismantle them. in many cases, the mechanical digestion is all that is required to release many vitamins, minerals, and phytochemical from foods that are then take up by […] cells lining the small intestine
mouth
stomach
disperses
exposes
mucosal
motility is a term used to describe the […] of the GI tract’s smooth muscles that mix food with digestive […] and propel food along the length of the tract
contractions
fluids
two fundamental patterns of muscle contractions: […] and […]
peristalsis
segmentation
peristalsis creates propulsive muscle contractions to […] food […] through the complete length of the GI tract, from the esophagus to the anus
move
forward
segmentation occurs when […] muscles in the small intestine contract in an […] fashion so that fluid contents gently […] back and forth between the segments
circular
uncoordinated
slosh
contractions serve to […] intestinal contents with digestive fluids and bring nutrients in the intestinal fluid to […] with the small intestines absorptive surface. similar segmentation contractions also occur in the [small or large] intestine
mix
contact
large
chemical digestion is the form of digestion that involves [..] and other substances released from […] glands, as well as from the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. it takes place in the mouth, small intestine, and stomach
enzyme
salivary
without the work of enzymes, digestion (and many other body processes) could not occur
yes
an enzyme is a […] molecule that functions to catalyze, or sped up, the rate at which a chemical reaction produces new compounds with altered […] structures. these actions may subtly alter the chemical structure, or they may produce dramatically […] or […] molecules
protein
chemical
larger or smaller