Chapter 1; The Science and Scope of Nutrition Introduction

Question 1

In the final months of World War II, the Dutch people blocked off the transport of food to hold onto the Netherlands. Hence the people were eating only a few hundred calories per day.

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

the people of the Netherlands were eating a couple of small slices of […] and […] and using […] to thicken soup

Answer 2

bread
potatoes
paper

Question 3

the Dutch Hunger Winter last from […] […] until the Netherlands was liberated in […] […]

Answer 3

October
1944
May
1945

Question 4

men are significantly more likely to be […] if their mothers suffered famine during the […] months of their pregnancy

Answer 4

obese
first

Question 5

however, men were [more or less] likely to be obese if their mothers experienced starvation in the [….] months of their pregnancy and into the first months of their son’s life

Answer 5

less
last

Question 6

it appeared as if a woman’s […] during pregnancy could hav a strong influence on the weight of her child

Answer 6

diet

Question 7

David Barker found that babies with low birth weight were more likely to develop […] disease later in life

Answer 7

heart

Question 8

the “developmental origins hypothesis” states that certain diseases originate from conditions during […] and […]

Answer 8

pregnancy
infancy

Question 9

poor nutrition during pregnancy and infancy can permanently affect the way a baby’s body […] to food through his or her life

Answer 9

responds

Question 10

research has also shown that a woman’s […] prior to conception and her body […] at conception affect the health of her baby

Answer 10

diet
weight

Question 11

the science of nutrition, is an interdisciplinary science that studies factors that affect our food […], the chemical and physiological processes involved in […] and […] the chemical components of those foods to […] throughout our body, and how ultimately how those chemicals affect our […] every day

Answer 11

choices
processing
delivering
cells
health

Question 12

basically nutrition is the study of factors affecting […] and […], identifying […] components of food, effects of food on […] and […] risk, and actions of food […] on the body

Answer 12

availability
choices
chemical
health
disease
chemicals

Question 13

a lifetime of good health is a key reason to study the science of nutrition

Answer 13

good health

Question 14

a nutrient is a chemical substance that is required for […] and to maintain proper body […]

Answer 14

growth
functioning

Question 15

a nutrient is a […] substance

Answer 15

chemical

Question 16

the body can produce many of its […] nutrients, but other essential nutrients (such as […]) must be supplied through what we eat and drink because the body cannot […] them or […] of them on its own

Answer 16

own
vitamins
produce
enough

Question 17

what are the six classes of nutrients

Answer 17

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• lipids
• vitamins
• minerals
• water

Question 18

diets that lack fruits and vegetables, contain calories in […] of need, and include too much red and process meats (bacon, ham, and sausage) [increase or decrease] risk of disease. processed foods and refined grains such as white bread, added sugar, trans fats, salt, and alcohol also increase risk of disease

Answer 18

excess
increase

Question 19

diets that emphasize fruits and vegetables (especially colorful vegetables), whole grains such as brown rice and oats, low fat dairy, fish, and poultry are health promoting. Diets low in added salt , sugars, solid and trans fats, and alcohol [increase or decrease] risk of disease

Answer 19

decrease

Question 20

the leading causes of death in the United States are […] disease, […], and followed by […] disease

Answer 20

heart disease
cancer
respiratory disease

Question 21

all six classes of nutrients […] numerous body processes, and most supply the building blocks of key body […] such as cell membranes, muscles, and bones

Answer 21

regulate
structures
such as?
required for normal growth, development, reproduction, maintenance, repair of cells, and other vital body processes

Question 21

nutrients are divided into two major categories such as […]; which we need relatively […] quantities to stay health

Answer 21

macronutrients
large

Question 22

macronutrients are; […] […], […] ([…], a common term for […], are a subclass of the diverse group of compounds called lipids), and […]

Answer 22

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
fats
triglycerides
water

Question 23

with the exception of […], macronutrients primarily supply […] and/or a large portion of the […] components in our body

Answer 23

water
energy
structural

Question 24

carbohydrate's structural function is that they are abundant in [...], [...] ligaments, and other [...] tissue, [...] are a component of DNA and RNA

Answer 24

skin cartilage joint sugars

Question 25

carbohydrates are a critical source of [...] for the [...] and [...] blood cells, and help regulate [...] function

Answer 25

energy brain red bowel

Question 26

lipids are components of the cell [...], [...] deposits shape our body and provide [...] and [...]

Answer 26

membrane fat insulation protection

Question 27

lipids are required for synthesis of [...] and other compounds that [...] many body processes

Answer 27

hormones regulate

Question 28

proteins is a major [...] component of every [...] and [...] in our body

Answer 28

structural cell tissue

Question 29

proteins regulates [...] and [...] chemical reactions

Answer 29

balance facilitates

Question 30

water [...] and [...] every cell

Answer 30

fills surrounds

Question 31

water controls body [...] and is involved in many [...] reactions

Answer 31

temperature chemical

Question 32

the energy content for carbohydrates are [...] kcal/g, for lipids its [..] kcal/g, proteins is [.....] kcal/g, and water is [...]

Answer 32

4 9 4 0

Question 33

alcohol is [...] a nutrients-it is a toxic-but it does supply energy [...] kcal/g

Answer 33

not 7

Question 34

when we see calories listed on food labels, they are actually [...] ([...]] that reference the amount of energy in food

Answer 34

kilocalories kcal

Question 35

a kilocalories is equal to [...] calories

Answer 35

1000

Question 36

by convention, when Calories is spelled with a capital C, it also refers to a [...]

Answer 36

kilocalorie

Question 37

the second category of nutrients is [...], which are needed in much [...] amounts-these are [...] and [...]

Answer 37

micronutrients smaller vitamins minerals

Question 38

micronutrients do not supply [...] or [...] but even in tiny amounts are crucial to normal [...] and [...]

Answer 38

energy calories growth development

Question 39

micronutrient vitamins' function is to participate in nearly every [..] reaction in the body and some function as […]

Answer 39

chemical hormones such as water soluble vitamins; - thiamin. niacin, Vita B6, Vita C, Riboflavin fat soluble vitamins; Vita A, Vita E, Vita, D, Vita K

Question 40

the micronutrients minerals' function is that most cooperate with [...] to facilitate chemical reactions, some participate in [...] impulse transmission and […] contraction, and some provide body [...]

Answer 40

proteins nerve muscle structure such as major minerals; - calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium trace minerals; - iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

Question 41

the consequences of a micronutrient deficit can be' [...]

Answer 41

profound

Question 42

another important part of the diet is [...], also known as [...], which are chemicals in [...] that are beneficial to human health

Answer 42

phytochemical phytonutrients plants

Question 43

phytochemical are commonly found in [...], [...], and [...] grains, the compounds-which number in the thousands-give plants key properties such as color, aroma, and flavor

Answer 43

vegetables fruits whole e.g. the phytochemical lycopene, gives watermelon and tomatoes their red color and may reduce cancer in humans

Question 44

some photochemical promote health because they have [...] like actions or they [...] or [...] damage to cells

Answer 44

hormone repair prevent

Question 45

anthocyanin, are phytochemical that give berries their blue or purple color and act as [...]

Answer 45

antioxidants

Question 46

macronutrients, micronutrients, and phytochemical are extracted from food through the process of digestion and then absorbed and used by the body

Answer 46

extracted digestion absorbed used

Question 47

nutrients play a critical role in maintaining [...], the process by which the body maintains a [stable or unstable] internal environment in the face of external variability.

Answer 47

homeostasis stable e.g. nutrients in the foods we eat participate in processes that regulate the balance of fluids in the body, our pH, and our body temperature

Question 48

both [..] and [...] are forms of malnutrition - a state of inadequate or unbalanced nutrition

Answer 48

undernutrition over nutrition

Question 49

sometimes undernutrition does not stem from a lack of food overall, but from a lack of specific [...] nutrients, known as nutrient [...]

Answer 49

essential deficiency

Question 50

obesity, is a condition characterized by [...] body fat and often associated with other health [...], which is a classic example of [...]

Answer 50

excess problems over nutrition

Question 51

overconsumption is often associated with [...] disease of slow progression, such as [...] disease and type [...] diabetes

Answer 51

chronic heart 2

Question 52

many of our "westernized" diet, highly processed foods are generally low in nutrients such as [...], [...], [...] and, vitamin [...] that reduce the risk of [...] disease

Answer 52

fiber potassium calcium D chronic

Question 53

The Health and Medicine Division issues 'Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)' values, which are [...] estimates of nutrient intakes to be used to plan and assess diets for healthy people. these values not only help us [...] nutrient deficiency but also are intended to help individuals [...] their health, prevent disease, and avoid consuming too much of any one nutrient

Answer 53

quantitive avoid optimize

Question 54

the DRIs for nutrients include five values (Infographic Estimated Average Requirements (EARS) that capture the [...] amount of a nutrient needed by people, grouped by [...] and [...], in general

Answer 54

average sex age (EARS are not recommended for individuals since half of the population would be eating less than they need at this level of intake)

Question 55

the dietary reference intake (DRI) values have varied purposes; EAR stands for ___ RDA stands for ___ AI stands for ____ CDRR stands for ____ UL stands for ____

Answer 55

- Estimated Average Requirement - Recommended Dietary Allowance - Adequate Intake Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake - Tolerable Upper Intake

Question 56

we do not need to meet the RDAs each day and that it is normal for our nutrient intake to be highly [...] from one day to the next

Answer 56

variable

Question 57

during brief periods of inadequate intake, our bodies will tap into nutrient [...] to meet immediate needs. in some cases, we will respond to longer periods of low nutrient intake by increasing [...] absorption and/or decreasing their [...] to help maintain an adequate supply of essential nutrients

Answer 57

stores urgent excretion

Question 58

epigenetic are how the environment influences affect gene [...]

Answer 58

expression such as; nutrition, toxin exposure, lifestyle behaviors, waterland's mice

Question 59

nutritional genomics is how food and nutrient affects an individuals [...], how an individuals genes affect the body's [...] to food

Answer 59

genes response

Question 60

the DRI can asses and plan the diets to meet the needs of [...] healthy people, varies depending on needs of specific groups (children, elderly, pregnant/nursing), optimize health and prevent [...] disease, and avoid consuming too much of any one [...]

Answer 60

most chronic nutrient

Question 61

the EER, Estimated Energy Requirements, is the average amount of calories needed by a health person to maintain their […]

Answer 61

weight

Question 62

the amount for 2,000 diet of macronutrients; carbohydrates [...-...]. protein [...-...], fat [...-...]

Answer 62

carbs 225 - 325 protein 50 - 175 fat 44 - 78 grams

Question 63

the DRIS that are and are not recommended are

Answer 63

recommend; RDA, AI, CDRR, , AMDR, EER (cautious) not recommended; EAR, UL

Question 64

an imbalance in macronutrients intake (particularly fat and carbohydrates( can increase the risk of several [...] disease

Answer 64

chronic

Question 65

the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution ranges (AMDRs) have been established to provide a healthy range of intakes for carbohydrates, protein, and total fat (as well as some specific types of fat) expressed as a percentage of total calories

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

adults can obtain adequate amounts of macronutrients when their carbohydrate intake falls betwen [...]% and [...]% of total calories, their protein intake falls between [...]% and [...]% of total calories, and their fat intake within [...]% and [...]% of total calories

Answer 66

45 65 10 35 20 35

Question 67

Waterland discovered that what mothers eat during pregnancy can have lifelong effects on their children. recent studies find that what fathers eat prior to conception can also have lifelong effects on their child

Answer 67

yes

Question 68

sometimes the DNA in our genes can become modified after its inherited

Answer 68

Yes e.g. hence why identical twins who have the same exact ones have slight differences in their appearance and risk of disease

Question 69

healthy people 2030's goal is to improve the [...] of Americans, it is a government sponsored initiative from US Dept Heath & Human Services, based on up to date nutrition and health scientific evidence, it identifies measurable health improvement related objectives and updates every [...] years

Answer 69

health 10

Question 70

the placebo effect is a [...] phenomenon in which people feel better after receiving treatment simply because they have an [...] that they will feel better, not necessarily because the treatment worked. hence the people should [...] know whether they are receiving active treatment

Answer 70

psychological expectation not

Question 71

the recommendations of Healthy People 2030 is to consume a variety of nutrient dense foods, emphasize whole [...], fruits, vegetables, [high or low] fat dairy products, lean meats, and other sources of protein. eat only as many calories as needed, limit intake of saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, sodium (salt) and alcohol

Answer 71

grain low

Question 72

a placebo is a type of [...] that does not have any [...] components in effecting change on an outcome

Answer 72

intervention active

Question 73

a control group is [...] given the intervention

Answer 73

not

Question 74

an experiment group is [...] the intervention so the outcomes of the two groups can be compared

Answer 74

given

Question 75

a randomized controlled trial recruits and [... assigns subjects to a [...] group and an [...] group

Answer 75

randomly control experimental

Question 76

an epidemiological study observes the [...] between variables in a [...]

Answer 76

association population

Question 77

an experimental model system includes [...] experiments, [...] culture studies, and [...' analyses

Answer 77

animal cell biochemical

Question 78

some people who seem to eat whatever they want and never gain weight is because people [...] differently to the same foods (we are what we eat doesn't really apply)

Answer 78

respond

Question 79

peer reviewed publications are collections of research that have been vetted by multiple [...] in the field

Answer 79

experts

Question 80

one recognized food and nutrition [...] is the registered dietitian nutritionist, or RDN; they have met academic and professional requirements

Answer 80

expert

Question 81

a nutritionist is an individual who may or may not have [...] or [...] in nutrition

Answer 81

background credential

Question 82

the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics are a [...] organization of registered dietitians

Answer 82

professional

Question 83

although the US food supply is abundant, we are experiencing major [...] in certain essential nutrients and [...] in others

Answer 83

shortfalls excess

Question 84

nutrition-related impacts of SDOH are [...] to food, affordability of food, time to [...] food, and access to [...] and [...]

Answer 84

access affordability prepare education healthcare

Question 85

the SDOH described conditions in the environment where people are born, live, learn, work, play and worship that impact health outcomes

Answer 85

yes

Question 86

the overconsumption of [...] plays a significant role in promoting the development of many chronic disease

Answer 86

calories

Question 87

the highly processed foods common in the "westernized" diet are [high or low] in potassium

Answer 87

low

Question 88

credible sources of nutrition information are the [...] of individual studies, the [...] of studies and the [...] of their results, and the [...] of the effect

Answer 88

quality number consistency magnitude

Question 89

the two DRI values that will never coexist for the same nutrient is AI and EAR

Answer 89

yes why the AI will be establish if there're insuffienceit data to establish an RDA

Question 90

,most Americans don't get enough of [...], vitamin [...], and vitamin [...]. snack foods make up [...]% of total calorie intake; which are typically high in saturated fats, added sugars, and refined starches

Answer 90

magnesium vitamin A vitamin C 25

Question 91

Adequate Intake , AI, is used to asses nutrient adequacy when no RDA is set

Question 92

RDA, recommended dietary allowance, is used to ensure [..] intake of a nutrient in an individual

Answer 92

adequate

Question 93

the first step in establishing the RDA for a nutrient is to determine the nutrients EAR because it is established to provide nutrient recommendations for 50 percent of the population

Question 94

as a component of the cell membrane, [...] provide insulation for the body

Answer 94

fats p.s. phospholipids are at type of fat

Question 95

essential nutrients must be supplied by [...]

Answer 95

food

Question 96

epigenetic is the area of study that looks at cross generational exposure to nutrients, toxins, and behaviors

Question 97

micronutrients are [...] nutrients

Answer 97

essential

Question 98

A compound from a particular spice has just been identified and isolated. It is thought that this compound may have anticancer properties. What general type of study design would be appropriate to address this question? observation, randomized controlled trail, epidemiological study, or animal experiment

Answer 98

animal experiences b/c an animal experiment is performed when human experiments are too costly

Question 99

The AMDR gives ranges for daily caloric intake of nutrients (energy yielding macronutrients)

Question 100

in the DRI, people with diabetes should follow the AMDR, acceptable macronutrient distribution range, for a health range of intakes for carbs, protein, and total fat