Chapter 1; The Science and Scope of Nutrition Introduction Flashcards
In the final months of World War II, the Dutch people blocked off the transport of food to hold onto the Netherlands. Hence the people were eating only a few hundred calories per day.
yes
the people of the Netherlands were eating a couple of small slices of […] and […] and using […] to thicken soup
bread
potatoes
paper
the Dutch Hunger Winter last from […] […] until the Netherlands was liberated in […] […]
October
1944
May
1945
men are significantly more likely to be […] if their mothers suffered famine during the […] months of their pregnancy
obese
first
however, men were [more or less] likely to be obese if their mothers experienced starvation in the [….] months of their pregnancy and into the first months of their son’s life
less
last
it appeared as if a woman’s […] during pregnancy could hav a strong influence on the weight of her child
diet
David Barker found that babies with low birth weight were more likely to develop […] disease later in life
heart
the “developmental origins hypothesis” states that certain diseases originate from conditions during […] and […]
pregnancy
infancy
poor nutrition during pregnancy and infancy can permanently affect the way a baby’s body […] to food through his or her life
responds
research has also shown that a woman’s […] prior to conception and her body […] at conception affect the health of her baby
diet
weight
the science of nutrition, is an interdisciplinary science that studies factors that affect our food […], the chemical and physiological processes involved in […] and […] the chemical components of those foods to […] throughout our body, and how ultimately how those chemicals affect our […] every day
choices
processing
delivering
cells
health
basically nutrition is the study of factors affecting […] and […], identifying […] components of food, effects of food on […] and […] risk, and actions of food […] on the body
availability
choices
chemical
health
disease
chemicals
a lifetime of good health is a key reason to study the science of nutrition
good health
a nutrient is a chemical substance that is required for […] and to maintain proper body […]
growth
functioning
a nutrient is a […] substance
chemical
the body can produce many of its […] nutrients, but other essential nutrients (such as […]) must be supplied through what we eat and drink because the body cannot […] them or […] of them on its own
own
vitamins
produce
enough
what are the six classes of nutrients
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
diets that lack fruits and vegetables, contain calories in […] of need, and include too much red and process meats (bacon, ham, and sausage) [increase or decrease] risk of disease. processed foods and refined grains such as white bread, added sugar, trans fats, salt, and alcohol also increase risk of disease
excess
increase
diets that emphasize fruits and vegetables (especially colorful vegetables), whole grains such as brown rice and oats, low fat dairy, fish, and poultry are health promoting. Diets low in added salt , sugars, solid and trans fats, and alcohol [increase or decrease] risk of disease
decrease
the leading causes of death in the United States are […] disease, […], and followed by […] disease
heart disease
cancer
respiratory disease
all six classes of nutrients […] numerous body processes, and most supply the building blocks of key body […] such as cell membranes, muscles, and bones
regulate
structures
such as?
required for normal growth, development, reproduction, maintenance, repair of cells, and other vital body processes
nutrients are divided into two major categories such as […]; which we need relatively […] quantities to stay health
macronutrients
large
macronutrients are; […] […], […] ([…], a common term for […], are a subclass of the diverse group of compounds called lipids), and […]
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
fats
triglycerides
water
with the exception of […], macronutrients primarily supply […] and/or a large portion of the […] components in our body
water
energy
structural
carbohydrate’s structural function is that they are abundant in […], […] ligaments, and other […] tissue, […] are a component of DNA and RNA
skin
cartilage
joint
sugars
carbohydrates are a critical source of […] for the […] and […] blood cells, and help regulate […] function
energy
brain
red
bowel
lipids are components of the cell […], […] deposits shape our body and provide […] and […]
membrane
fat
insulation
protection
lipids are required for synthesis of […] and other compounds that […] many body processes
hormones
regulate
proteins is a major […] component of every […] and […] in our body
structural
cell
tissue
proteins regulates […] and […] chemical reactions
balance
facilitates
water […] and […] every cell
fills
surrounds
water controls body […] and is involved in many […] reactions
temperature
chemical
the energy content for carbohydrates are […] kcal/g, for lipids its [..] kcal/g, proteins is […..] kcal/g, and water is […]
4
9
4
0
alcohol is […] a nutrients-it is a toxic-but it does supply energy […] kcal/g
not
7
when we see calories listed on food labels, they are actually […] ([…]] that reference the amount of energy in food
kilocalories
kcal
a kilocalories is equal to […] calories
1000
by convention, when Calories is spelled with a capital C, it also refers to a […]
kilocalorie
the second category of nutrients is […], which are needed in much […] amounts-these are […] and […]
micronutrients
smaller
vitamins
minerals
micronutrients do not supply […] or […] but even in tiny amounts are crucial to normal […] and […]
energy
calories
growth
development
micronutrient vitamins’ function is to participate in nearly every [..] reaction in the body and some function as […]
chemical
hormones
such as water soluble vitamins;
- thiamin. niacin, Vita B6, Vita C, Riboflavin
fat soluble vitamins; Vita A, Vita E, Vita, D, Vita K
the micronutrients minerals’ function is that most cooperate with […] to facilitate chemical reactions, some participate in […] impulse transmission and […] contraction, and some provide body […]
proteins
nerve
muscle
structure
such as major minerals;
- calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium
trace minerals;
- iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc
the consequences of a micronutrient deficit can be’ […]
profound
another important part of the diet is […], also known as […], which are chemicals in […] that are beneficial to human health
phytochemical
phytonutrients
plants
phytochemical are commonly found in […], […], and […] grains, the compounds-which number in the thousands-give plants key properties such as color, aroma, and flavor
vegetables
fruits
whole
e.g. the phytochemical lycopene, gives watermelon and tomatoes their red color and may reduce cancer in humans
some photochemical promote health because they have […] like actions or they […] or […] damage to cells
hormone
repair
prevent
anthocyanin, are phytochemical that give berries their blue or purple color and act as […]
antioxidants
macronutrients, micronutrients, and phytochemical are extracted from food through the process of digestion and then absorbed and used by the body
extracted
digestion
absorbed
used
nutrients play a critical role in maintaining […], the process by which the body maintains a [stable or unstable] internal environment in the face of external variability.
homeostasis
stable
e.g. nutrients in the foods we eat participate in processes that regulate the balance of fluids in the body, our pH, and our body temperature
both [..] and […] are forms of malnutrition - a state of inadequate or unbalanced nutrition
undernutrition
over nutrition
sometimes undernutrition does not stem from a lack of food overall, but from a lack of specific […] nutrients, known as nutrient […]
essential
deficiency
obesity, is a condition characterized by […] body fat and often associated with other health […], which is a classic example of […]
excess
problems
over nutrition
overconsumption is often associated with […] disease of slow progression, such as […] disease and type […] diabetes
chronic
heart
2
many of our “westernized” diet, highly processed foods are generally low in nutrients such as […], […], […] and, vitamin […] that reduce the risk of […] disease
fiber
potassium
calcium
D
chronic
The Health and Medicine Division issues ‘Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)’ values, which are […] estimates of nutrient intakes to be used to plan and assess diets for healthy people. these values not only help us […] nutrient deficiency but also are intended to help individuals […] their health, prevent disease, and avoid consuming too much of any one nutrient
quantitive
avoid
optimize
the DRIs for nutrients include five values (Infographic Estimated Average Requirements (EARS) that capture the […] amount of a nutrient needed by people, grouped by […] and […], in general
average
sex
age
(EARS are not recommended for individuals since half of the population would be eating less than they need at this level of intake)
the dietary reference intake (DRI) values have varied purposes;
EAR stands for ___
RDA stands for ___
AI stands for ____
CDRR stands for ____
UL stands for ____
- Estimated Average Requirement
- Recommended Dietary Allowance
- Adequate Intake
Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake - Tolerable Upper Intake
we do not need to meet the RDAs each day and that it is normal for our nutrient intake to be highly […] from one day to the next
variable
during brief periods of inadequate intake, our bodies will tap into nutrient […] to meet immediate needs. in some cases, we will respond to longer periods of low nutrient intake by increasing […] absorption and/or decreasing their […] to help maintain an adequate supply of essential nutrients
stores
urgent
excretion
epigenetic are how the environment influences affect gene […]
expression
such as; nutrition, toxin exposure, lifestyle behaviors, waterland’s mice
nutritional genomics is how food and nutrient affects an individuals […], how an individuals genes affect the body’s […] to food
genes
response
the DRI can asses and plan the diets to meet the needs of […] healthy people, varies depending on needs of specific groups (children, elderly, pregnant/nursing), optimize health and prevent […] disease, and avoid consuming too much of any one […]
most
chronic
nutrient
the EER, Estimated Energy Requirements, is the average amount of calories needed by a health person to maintain their […]
weight
the amount for 2,000 diet of macronutrients;
carbohydrates […-…]. protein […-…], fat […-…]
carbs 225 - 325
protein 50 - 175
fat 44 - 78
grams
the DRIS that are and are not recommended are
recommend; RDA, AI, CDRR, , AMDR, EER (cautious)
not recommended; EAR, UL
an imbalance in macronutrients intake (particularly fat and carbohydrates( can increase the risk of several […] disease
chronic
the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution ranges (AMDRs) have been established to provide a healthy range of intakes for carbohydrates, protein, and total fat (as well as some specific types of fat) expressed as a percentage of total calories
yes
adults can obtain adequate amounts of macronutrients when their carbohydrate intake falls betwen […]% and […]% of total calories, their protein intake falls between […]% and […]% of total calories, and their fat intake within […]% and […]% of total calories
45
65
10
35
20
35
Waterland discovered that what mothers eat during pregnancy can have lifelong effects on their children. recent studies find that what fathers eat prior to conception can also have lifelong effects on their child
yes
sometimes the DNA in our genes can become modified after its inherited
Yes
e.g. hence why identical twins who have the same exact ones have slight differences in their appearance and risk of disease
healthy people 2030’s goal is to improve the […] of Americans, it is a government sponsored initiative from US Dept Heath & Human Services, based on up to date nutrition and health scientific evidence, it identifies measurable health improvement related objectives and updates every […] years
health
10
the placebo effect is a […] phenomenon in which people feel better after receiving treatment simply because they have an […] that they will feel better, not necessarily because the treatment worked. hence the people should […] know whether they are receiving active treatment
psychological
expectation
not
the recommendations of Healthy People 2030 is to consume a variety of nutrient dense foods, emphasize whole […], fruits, vegetables, [high or low] fat dairy products, lean meats, and other sources of protein. eat only as many calories as needed, limit intake of saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, sodium (salt) and alcohol
grain
low
a placebo is a type of […] that does not have any […] components in effecting change on an outcome
intervention
active
a control group is […] given the intervention
not
an experiment group is […] the intervention so the outcomes of the two groups can be compared
given
a randomized controlled trial recruits and [… assigns subjects to a […] group and an […] group
randomly
control
experimental
an epidemiological study observes the […] between variables in a […]
association
population
an experimental model system includes […] experiments, […] culture studies, and […’ analyses
animal
cell
biochemical
some people who seem to eat whatever they want and never gain weight is because people […] differently to the same foods (we are what we eat doesn’t really apply)
respond
peer reviewed publications are collections of research that have been vetted by multiple […] in the field
experts
one recognized food and nutrition […] is the registered dietitian nutritionist, or RDN; they have met academic and professional requirements
expert
a nutritionist is an individual who may or may not have […] or […] in nutrition
background
credential
the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics are a […] organization of registered dietitians
professional
although the US food supply is abundant, we are experiencing major […] in certain essential nutrients and […] in others
shortfalls
excess
nutrition-related impacts of SDOH are […] to food, affordability of food, time to […] food, and access to […] and […]
access
affordability
prepare
education
healthcare
the SDOH described conditions in the environment where people are born, live, learn, work, play and worship that impact health outcomes
yes
the overconsumption of […] plays a significant role in promoting the development of many chronic disease
calories
the highly processed foods common in the “westernized” diet are [high or low] in potassium
low
credible sources of nutrition information are the […] of individual studies, the […] of studies and the […] of their results, and the […] of the effect
quality
number
consistency
magnitude
the two DRI values that will never coexist for the same nutrient is AI and EAR
yes
why
the AI will be establish if there’re insuffienceit data to establish an RDA
,most Americans don’t get enough of […], vitamin […], and vitamin […]. snack foods make up […]% of total calorie intake; which are typically high in saturated fats, added sugars, and refined starches
magnesium
vitamin A
vitamin C
25
Adequate Intake , AI, is used to asses nutrient adequacy when no RDA is set
RDA, recommended dietary allowance, is used to ensure [..] intake of a nutrient in an individual
adequate
the first step in establishing the RDA for a nutrient is to determine the nutrients EAR because it is established to provide nutrient recommendations for 50 percent of the population
as a component of the cell membrane, […] provide insulation for the body
fats
p.s. phospholipids are at type of fat
essential nutrients must be supplied by […]
food
epigenetic is the area of study that looks at cross generational exposure to nutrients, toxins, and behaviors
micronutrients are […] nutrients
essential
A compound from a particular spice has just been identified and isolated. It is thought that this compound may have anticancer properties. What general type of study design would be appropriate to address this question?
observation, randomized controlled trail, epidemiological study, or animal experiment
animal experiences b/c an animal experiment is performed when human experiments are too costly
The AMDR gives ranges for daily caloric intake of nutrients (energy yielding macronutrients)
in the DRI, people with diabetes should follow the AMDR, acceptable macronutrient distribution range, for a health range of intakes for carbs, protein, and total fat
