Chapter 3 concept and definition

Question 1

The binding problem

Answer 1

;The binding problem refers to the challenge of understanding how the brain integrates and coordinates information from different sensory modalities to create a unified and coherent perception of the external world

Question 2

event-related potential

Answer 2

;certain electrical signals linked to early perception

Question 3

Perceptual Template Model

Answer 3

;attention may affect performance in visual tasks by:
- enhancing the stimulus
- excluding distractors or
- reducing multiplicative noise

Question 4

Stimulus enhancement

Answer 4

;Signal enhancement in attention refers to the phenomenon where the brain selectively amplifies the processing of specific sensory signals or information that is deemed relevant or important This enhancement allows individuals to focus on and prioritize certain stimuli while filtering out others

Question 5

spotlight of attention

Answer 5

;can be adjusted to focus on a relatively small region or on a larger region of space

Question 6

Covert orienting

Answer 6

;Involves mentally shifting attention without any corresponding physical movement of the sensory organs

Question 7

Covert orienting example

Answer 7

;shifting your attention to listen for a faint sound without turning your head

Question 8

Overt Orienting

Answer 8

;Involves physically moving sensory organs such as eyes or head or body to direct attention to a specific location in the environment

Question 9

Overt orienting example

Answer 9

;Turning your head to look at an interesting object in your peripheral vision

Question 10

Exogenous cuing

Answer 10

;This is when attention is automatically drawn to a stimulus based on its physical characteristics such as sudden changes in brightness or motion without the person intending to shift their attention

Question 11

Endogenous cuing

Answer 11

;endogenous cuing involves a voluntary and intentional shift of attention based on the individuals goals or expectations or or knowledge about the environment It’s a more deliberate and top-down process

Question 12

peripheral cue

Answer 12

;a signal at the edge of your vision

Question 13

a correctly times periphial cue

Answer 13

;100 ms delay

Question 14

inhibition of return

Answer 14

“Inhibition of return” is a phenomenon where attention is less likely to return to a previously attended location, helping us to efficiently explore new information; for example, when searching for your keys, you’re less likely to keep checking the same spot you’ve already looked at.

Question 15

Transient Attention

Answer 15

;It is a short-lived

Question 16

Transient attention example

Answer 16

;When a sudden loud noise occurs in a quiet room

Question 17

Sustained Attention

Answer 17

;Sustained attention involves maintaining focus on a particular task or stimulus over an extended period

Question 18

Sustained attention example

Answer 18

;Reading a book or working on a project for an extended period involves sustained attention

Question 19

Focal attention

Answer 19

;is employed to analyze objects in more detail after a preattentive stage of segmenting the visual field into separate objects

Question 20

object-based theories of attention

Answer 20

;suggest that people process all features of a perceptual group at once

Question 21

Feature Integration Theory

Answer 21

;posits that attention is required to combine features into objects