Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis Flashcards
2 key aspects of the adequacy of classification systems?
validity
utility
Classification validity
the extent to which the principles used in classifying an entity are effective in capturing the nature of the entity
Classification Utility
the usefulness of a classification scheme
categorical approach to classification
an entity is determined to be either a member of a category or not
i.e. living vs. non-living
Dimensional approach to classification
classified entities differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties
i. e. weight and height
- diff dimensions do not need to be related, but it is essential that the dimensions reflect significant higher order constructs rather than simple descriptive features
Thomas Achenbauch
Child psychopathology researcher
gathered info about children’s difficulties from multiple informants and then used factor analysis to determine symptoms that co-occur
- yielded two broad dimensions of problems
- externalizing problems and internalizing problems
- Auchenbauch system of empirically based assessment
- empirically derived assessment tools to measure competence and problems across the lifespan
externalizing problems
Thomas Achenbauch
acting-out behaviours
yelling, destroying things, stealing
internalizing problems
Thomas Achenbauch
feelings of sadness, worry, and withdrawn behaviour
diagnostic system
a classification based on rules used to organize and understand diseases and disorders
diagnosis
the result of applying the decision-making rules of a diagnostic system to the symptoms of a specific individual
prototype model
members of a diagnostic category may differ in the degree to which they represent the concepts underlying the category
- implies tha not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms
Determining whether behaviour is abnormal requires knowledge of the ______
context
developmental psychopathology
a framework for understanding problem behaviour in relation to the milestones that are specific to each stage of a person’s development
underlines that biological and psychological systems are constantly changing
emphasizes the importance of major developmental transitions, as well as disruptions to normal patterns of development
classification for mental disorders rely heavily on the _________
observations of symptoms
a lot of self-report data
a primary symptom of adult depression is
sadness
how do children and adults express sadness?
adults express sadness verbally
children express it through disinterest and/or boredom
Harmful dysfunction
the behaviours associated with a mental disorder are dysfunctional and the dysfunction causes harm to the individual or to those around him or her
dyscontrol
the impairment resulting from a disorder must be involuntary or not readily controlled
1 out of every ____ CAD adolescents and adults reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of a mental disorder such as alcohol or illicit drug dependence, a mood disorder, or an anxiety disorder
10
prevalence of mental disorders
anxiety > mood > impulse-control > substance abuse
each year, both _____ of the EU pop suffered from a mental disorder and/or neurological disorder
38%
mental disorders are viewed as ______ disabling than physical disorders
more
participants with ______ disorders are less likely to be receiving treatment than were those with ______ disorders
mental
physical
in higher income countries, ____% of all physical disorders were treated, and ___% of all mental disorders
compared to in lower income countries
65%
24%
53%, 8%
modern theories of the aetiology of mental disorders are all based on a _______ model
biopsychosocial mdel
and the contribution of these may also change over life (the impact of genetic factors that influenced fear intensity during childhood tended to diminish over time, whereas the impact of life experiences increased over time)
odds if developing a disorder _______ with an ______ in the number of stressors experienced
increased
increased
depression in maternal grandmother
predicted maternal depression and interpersonal stress.
the maternal depression influenced the mothers interpersonal stress and the development of their children’s social competence and contrived tot he children’s interpersonal stress and depression
poor social competence and high interpersonal stress in the children predicted their own development of depressive symptoms
significant increase in depressive symptoms in which grades?
6-7
symptoms of depression increase more rapidly for _____ than _ around grade 5-7
girls
boys
trajectory of depression across lifespan
highest in young adulthood
decrease during middle adulthood
increased in older adulthood
how many people who experience a first episode of depression recover and have no subsequent episodes of depression?
50%
how many adults do not have a single depression free year following their initial episode?
15%
what are the two diagnostic systems?
the DSM and the ICD
Robert Spitzer
task force chair of the DSM 3
- atheoretical
- introduced concrete behavioural descriptions of most disorders
- more explicit diagnsistc criteria
- imporve reliability
DSM 5
categorical classification
lifespan approach
compatible with the ICD 10
ICD
international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems
- all health conditions
- developped by WHO
42 languages
- a section covers mental and behavioural disorders
at least ___% of american adults meet the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder
30
theres a ______ relationship between disorder severity and subsequent problems in psychosocial functioning
linear
compared to people with no diagnosable condition, those suffering from a mild disorder were more likely to develop
significant psychosocial problems
about _____ of the functional disability occurring during mental disorders was accounted for by symptoms that were below the diagnostic threshold
1/2
diagnstic validity
an indication that a disorder is a discrete entity that has clear countries with other disorders
what are predictors of PTSD?
dissociation experienced around the time of trauma
acute reactions to trauma do predict later distress and adjustment problems
comorbidity
when a person receives diagnoses for 2 or more disorders at the same point in time
evident in youth
57%
those with comorbid conditions are more severely impaired in daily life functioning, are more likely to have chronic history of mental health problems, have more physical health problems and use more health care services
Contradicts the assumption that diagnostic categories are discreet and non-overlapping
____% of young people meet the criteria for 1 disorder also meet the criteria for anther lifetime disorder
40%
depression may encompass both a ____ ______ and a ______
specific condition and a continuum
depressed mood, anhedonia, and suicidality are more likely to be evident in a ______ group of people, whereas insomnia and hypochondriasis are more evident in a ______ group
depressed
non-depressed
most common disorders found in all countries?
anxiety and mood disorders
