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Psychology 335 > Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis Flashcards

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1
Q

2 key aspects of the adequacy of classification systems?

A

validity

utility

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2
Q

Classification validity

A

the extent to which the principles used in classifying an entity are effective in capturing the nature of the entity

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3
Q

Classification Utility

A

the usefulness of a classification scheme

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4
Q

categorical approach to classification

A

an entity is determined to be either a member of a category or not
i.e. living vs. non-living

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5
Q

Dimensional approach to classification

A

classified entities differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties

i. e. weight and height
- diff dimensions do not need to be related, but it is essential that the dimensions reflect significant higher order constructs rather than simple descriptive features

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6
Q

Thomas Achenbauch

A

Child psychopathology researcher
gathered info about children’s difficulties from multiple informants and then used factor analysis to determine symptoms that co-occur
- yielded two broad dimensions of problems
- externalizing problems and internalizing problems
- Auchenbauch system of empirically based assessment
- empirically derived assessment tools to measure competence and problems across the lifespan

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7
Q

externalizing problems

A

Thomas Achenbauch
acting-out behaviours
yelling, destroying things, stealing

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8
Q

internalizing problems

A

Thomas Achenbauch

feelings of sadness, worry, and withdrawn behaviour

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9
Q

diagnostic system

A

a classification based on rules used to organize and understand diseases and disorders

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10
Q

diagnosis

A

the result of applying the decision-making rules of a diagnostic system to the symptoms of a specific individual

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11
Q

prototype model

A

members of a diagnostic category may differ in the degree to which they represent the concepts underlying the category
- implies tha not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms

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12
Q

Determining whether behaviour is abnormal requires knowledge of the ______

A

context

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13
Q

developmental psychopathology

A

a framework for understanding problem behaviour in relation to the milestones that are specific to each stage of a person’s development

underlines that biological and psychological systems are constantly changing
emphasizes the importance of major developmental transitions, as well as disruptions to normal patterns of development

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14
Q

classification for mental disorders rely heavily on the _________

A

observations of symptoms

a lot of self-report data

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15
Q

a primary symptom of adult depression is

A

sadness

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16
Q

how do children and adults express sadness?

A

adults express sadness verbally

children express it through disinterest and/or boredom

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17
Q

Harmful dysfunction

A

the behaviours associated with a mental disorder are dysfunctional and the dysfunction causes harm to the individual or to those around him or her

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18
Q

dyscontrol

A

the impairment resulting from a disorder must be involuntary or not readily controlled

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19
Q

1 out of every ____ CAD adolescents and adults reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of a mental disorder such as alcohol or illicit drug dependence, a mood disorder, or an anxiety disorder

A

10

20
Q

prevalence of mental disorders

A

anxiety > mood > impulse-control > substance abuse

21
Q

each year, both _____ of the EU pop suffered from a mental disorder and/or neurological disorder

A

38%

22
Q

mental disorders are viewed as ______ disabling than physical disorders

A

more

23
Q

participants with ______ disorders are less likely to be receiving treatment than were those with ______ disorders

A

mental

physical

24
Q

in higher income countries, ____% of all physical disorders were treated, and ___% of all mental disorders
compared to in lower income countries

A

65%
24%

53%, 8%

25
Q

modern theories of the aetiology of mental disorders are all based on a _______ model

A

biopsychosocial mdel
and the contribution of these may also change over life (the impact of genetic factors that influenced fear intensity during childhood tended to diminish over time, whereas the impact of life experiences increased over time)

26
Q

odds if developing a disorder _______ with an ______ in the number of stressors experienced

A

increased

increased

27
Q

depression in maternal grandmother

A

predicted maternal depression and interpersonal stress.
the maternal depression influenced the mothers interpersonal stress and the development of their children’s social competence and contrived tot he children’s interpersonal stress and depression

poor social competence and high interpersonal stress in the children predicted their own development of depressive symptoms

28
Q

significant increase in depressive symptoms in which grades?

A

6-7

29
Q

symptoms of depression increase more rapidly for _____ than _ around grade 5-7

A

girls

boys

30
Q

trajectory of depression across lifespan

A

highest in young adulthood
decrease during middle adulthood
increased in older adulthood

31
Q

how many people who experience a first episode of depression recover and have no subsequent episodes of depression?

A

50%

32
Q

how many adults do not have a single depression free year following their initial episode?

A

15%

33
Q

what are the two diagnostic systems?

A

the DSM and the ICD

34
Q

Robert Spitzer

A

task force chair of the DSM 3

  • atheoretical
  • introduced concrete behavioural descriptions of most disorders
  • more explicit diagnsistc criteria
  • imporve reliability
35
Q

DSM 5

A

categorical classification
lifespan approach
compatible with the ICD 10

36
Q

ICD

A

international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems
- all health conditions
- developped by WHO
42 languages
- a section covers mental and behavioural disorders

37
Q

at least ___% of american adults meet the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder

A

30

38
Q

theres a ______ relationship between disorder severity and subsequent problems in psychosocial functioning

A

linear

39
Q

compared to people with no diagnosable condition, those suffering from a mild disorder were more likely to develop

A

significant psychosocial problems

40
Q

about _____ of the functional disability occurring during mental disorders was accounted for by symptoms that were below the diagnostic threshold

A

1/2

41
Q

diagnstic validity

A

an indication that a disorder is a discrete entity that has clear countries with other disorders

42
Q

what are predictors of PTSD?

A

dissociation experienced around the time of trauma

acute reactions to trauma do predict later distress and adjustment problems

43
Q

comorbidity

A

when a person receives diagnoses for 2 or more disorders at the same point in time
evident in youth
57%
those with comorbid conditions are more severely impaired in daily life functioning, are more likely to have chronic history of mental health problems, have more physical health problems and use more health care services
Contradicts the assumption that diagnostic categories are discreet and non-overlapping

44
Q

____% of young people meet the criteria for 1 disorder also meet the criteria for anther lifetime disorder

A

40%

45
Q

depression may encompass both a ____ ______ and a ______

A

specific condition and a continuum

46
Q

depressed mood, anhedonia, and suicidality are more likely to be evident in a ______ group of people, whereas insomnia and hypochondriasis are more evident in a ______ group

A

depressed

non-depressed

47
Q

most common disorders found in all countries?

A

anxiety and mood disorders

Psychology 335 (15 decks)

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