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Psychology midterm 1 > chapter 3 - class notes > Flashcards

chapter 3 - class notes Flashcards

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1
Q

what would cause someone to become a serial killer

A

lower activity levels n prefrontal cortex, corpus collosum, posterior parietal cortex and left hemisphere (rational side) of murderers brains (shown in study of 41 murderers/ 41 control participants)

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2
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

impulse control

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3
Q

Left hemisphere

A

more rational hemisphere of the brain

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4
Q

Developmental complications such as vigorous shaking, fetal alcohol syndrome, complications during child birth can cause damage that

A

makes a person more prone to impulse control problems

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5
Q

People who had both
1) A history of rejection from their mother and
2) Experienced complications during childbirth
Were

A

2 times more likely to commit a crime than people who only experienced complications during childbirth

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6
Q

Very commonly, violent offenders are

A

victims of abuse and or developmental complications that cause permanent brain damage

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7
Q

Genes –

A

located in all cells in body in nucleus in of cell body

Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”)

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8
Q

located in all cells in body in nucleus in of cell body

Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”)

A

Genes –

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9
Q

composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”)

A

genes

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10
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

dna

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11
Q

dna

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

Genotype

A

the specific combination that form an individuals dna

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13
Q

the specific combination that form an individuals dna

A

Genotype

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14
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical or behavioural traits that an individual possesses

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15
Q

the physical or behavioural traits that an individual possesses

A

Phenotype

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16
Q

Behavioural genomics

A

the field devoted to investigating how a persons genetic code influences their psychological traits

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17
Q

the field devoted to investigating how a persons genetic code influences their psychological traits

A

Behavioural genomics

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18
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

the field devoted to investigating the extent that genes vs a persons environment contribute to particular psychological traits

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19
Q

the field devoted to investigating the extent that genes vs a persons environment contribute to particular psychological traits

A

Behavioural genetics

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20
Q

-identical vs fraternal twins

A

Identical: 1 egg 1 sperm, same placenta, separate amniotic
Fraternal: 2 eggs 2 sperms, separate placentas, separate amniotic sacs

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21
Q

Identical

A

1 egg 1 sperm, same placenta, separate amniotic

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22
Q

Fraternal

A

2 eggs 2 sperms, separate placentas, separate amniotic sacs

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23
Q

Heritability

A

a number between 0 and 1.0 that represents the proportion of differences in a trait across individuals that is caused by genetic influences …(the closer to one, the more differences on a particular trait)

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24
Q

a number between 0 and 1.0 that represents the proportion of differences in a trait across individuals that is caused by genetic influences …(the closer to one, the more differences on a particular trait)

A

Heritability

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25
Q

Methods of behavioural genetics: adoption studies

A

Shared genes from biological parents….. shared environment from adoptive parents. Traits can come from genetics or environment

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26
Q

traits can come from

A

genetics or environment

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27
Q

Monozygotic

A

fraternal

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28
Q

fraternal

A

Monozygotic

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29
Q

Dizygotic

A

identical

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30
Q

identical

A

Dizygotic

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31
Q

The structure of neurons

A

cell body (sona), dendrites=small branches off of cell bosy – get messages from other cells and transfer info to “axon hillock” (base of cell body) – nerve impulses to axon terminals.. when neuron is stimulated, small pores called ion channels open up on the neuron allowing positive ions to come in and change the charge.. neuron will fire (action potential) when enough protons reach axon hillock, continue down to the axon terminals as electrical charge

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32
Q

sona

A

cell body

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33
Q

dendrites

A

small branches off of cell body get messages from other cells and transfer info to “axon hillock” (base of cell body) – nerve impulses to axon terminals

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34
Q

small branches off of cell body

A

dendrites

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35
Q

when neuron is stimulated,

A

small pores called ion channels open up on the neuron allowing positive ions to come in and change the charge.. neuron will fire (action potential) when enough protons reach axon hillock, continue down to the axon terminals as electrical charge

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36
Q

glial cells?

A

– provide nutrients to neurons, outnumber neurons10 to 1, some produce a fat substance that allows neurons to send messages faster and with greater efficiency (myelin)

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37
Q

synapse – synaptic cleft

A

area between two neurons, neurotransmitters go between them, one releasing receptors is presynaptic cell, cell that is receiving the message is a postsynaptic cell
-particular neuro transmitter only relates to a certain neuro receptor

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38
Q

The endocrine system

A
  • Delivers hormones to modify physiological processes and maintain body homeostasis
    Stimulates production of hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine that generate arousal responses

Axon carries neural messages from cell body to end of the neuron
Neurotransmitters and hormones are the bodys chemical messengers

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39
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord,

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40
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

peripheral has two subdivisions.

1) Somatic nervous system – consists of nerves that control the muscle and other that receive signal from sensory organs
2) Autonomic nervous system – consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

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41
Q

1) Somatic nervous system

A

consists of nerves that control the muscle and other that receive signal from sensory organs part of peripheral ns

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42
Q

consists of nerves that control the muscle and other that receive signal from sensory organs — part of peripheral

A

1) Somatic nervous system

43
Q

2) Autonomic nervous system

A

consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system - part of peripheral nervous system

44
Q

consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system - part of peripheral nervous system

A

2) Autonomic nervous system

45
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

generates heightened arousal to prepare the body to respond to threats

46
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

maintains balance in body systems when there is no need to respond to a threat and suppresses arousal responses after a state of heightened arousal

47
Q

parts of brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

48
Q

hindbrain

A
  • bottom of the brain – above spinal cord

- composed of medulla and pons

49
Q
  • bottom of the brain – above spinal cord

- composed of medulla and pons

A

hindbrain

50
Q

Medulla

A

regulates breathing heartrate sneezing, salivating, vomiting - part of hindbrain

51
Q

regulates breathing heartrate sneezing, salivating, vomiting - part of hindbrain

A

Medulla

52
Q

pons

A

sleeping/waking, cycle – balance, eye movements, swallowing - part of hindbrain

53
Q

sleeping/waking, cycle – balance, eye movements, swallowing - part of hindbrain

A

pons

54
Q

Reticular activating system

A
  • Important for alertness, waking, sleeping

- Cerebellum – coordinating movements – balance, attention, emotional responces - part of hindbrain

55
Q
  • Important for alertness, waking, sleeping

- Cerebellum – coordinating movements – balance, attention, emotional responces - part of hindbrain

A

Reticular activating system

56
Q

midbrain

A

Superior colliculus -orientating, response to sudden presence of visual stimulus
Inferior colliculus – orientating attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound

57
Q

Superior colliculus -orientating, response to sudden presence of visual stimulus
Inferior colliculus – orientating attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound

A

midbrain

58
Q

Superior colliculus

A

part of midbrain

59
Q

orientating, response to sudden presence of visual stimulus - part of midbrain

A

Superior colliculus

60
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

orientating attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound - part of midbrain

61
Q

orientating attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound - part of midbrain

A

Inferior colliculus

62
Q

Forebrain

A

ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-cerebrospinal fluid – performs waste removal and nutrient providing functions
Basal ganglia – engaging planned physical movements learning motor skills, integrating sensory info, physical movements, reward systems of the brain
Nucleus accumbens – works with basal gangalia to generate pleasurable experiences

63
Q

ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-cerebrospinal fluid – performs waste removal and nutrient providing functions
Basal ganglia – engaging planned physical movements learning motor skills, integrating sensory info, physical movements, reward systems of the brain
Nucleus accumbens – works with basal gangalia to generate pleasurable experiences

A

forebrain

64
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

performs waste removal and nutrient providing functions – part of forebrain

65
Q

performs waste removal and nutrient providing functions – part of forebrain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

66
Q

Basal ganglia

A

engaging planned physical movements learning motor skills, integrating sensory info, physical movements, reward systems of the brain– part of forebrain

67
Q

engaging planned physical movements learning motor skills, integrating sensory info, physical movements, reward systems of the brain– part of forebrain

A

Basal ganglia

68
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

works with basal gangalia to generate pleasurable experiences– part of forebrain

69
Q

works with basal gangalia to generate pleasurable experiences– part of forebrain

A

Nucleus accumbens

70
Q

Limbic system

A

Amygdala –controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli
Hippocampus – key for creating new memories – damage can can cause amnesia
Hypothalamus – regulates body temperature, helps coordinate biological drives (ie sex and aggression) by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland – orgasms for both genders depend on signals from this structures

71
Q

Amygdala –controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli
Hippocampus – key for creating new memories – damage can can cause amnesia
Hypothalamus – regulates body temperature, helps coordinate biological drives (ie sex and aggression) by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland – orgasms for both genders depend on signals from this structures

A

Limbic system

72
Q

Amygdala

A

controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli – part of limbic system

73
Q

controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli – part of limbic system

A

Amygdala

74
Q

Hippocampus

A

key for creating new memories – damage can can cause amnesia– part of limbic system

75
Q

key for creating new memories – damage can can cause amnesia– part of limbic system

A

Hippocampus

76
Q

Hypothalamus

A

– regulates body temperature, helps coordinate biological drives (ie sex and aggression) by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland – orgasms for both genders depend on signals from this structures– part of limbic system

77
Q

– regulates body temperature, helps coordinate biological drives (ie sex and aggression) by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland – orgasms for both genders depend on signals from this structures– part of limbic system

A

Hypothalamus

78
Q

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

A

Occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal

79
Q

Occipital lobes

A

early processing of visual information with direct connections from the regions of the that relay inputs from the eyes to our brain
-aka primary visual cortex

80
Q

early processing of visual information with direct connections from the regions of the that relay inputs from the eyes to our brain
-aka primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobes

81
Q

Parietal lobes

A

– receive info about visual world from the occipital lobes and use it to provide us with info for visually guided action -
-controls somatosensory cortex – controls sense of touch –

82
Q

– receive info about visual world from the occipital lobes and use it to provide us with info for visually guided action -
-controls somatosensory cortex – controls sense of touch –

A

Parietal lobes

83
Q

Temporal lobes

A

front part essential for accessing general knowledge about the world

  • receive input from occipital cortex and use them to provide info about the identity and meaning of visual stimuli
  • -AKA primary auditory cortex – temporal contains the area for early processing of auditory information
  • -near back of region called Wernicke’s area which controls speech comprehension
  • -articulating spoken words – brocas area
84
Q

front part essential for accessing general knowledge about the world

  • receive input from occipital cortex and use them to provide info about the identity and meaning of visual stimuli
  • -AKA primary auditory cortex – temporal contains the area for early processing of auditory information
  • -near back of region called Wernicke’s area which controls speech comprehension
  • -articulating spoken words – brocas area
A

Temporal lobes

85
Q

articulating spoken words

A

brocas area

86
Q

controls speech comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

87
Q

Frontal lobes

A
  • executive control centre of the brain
  • source of planning initiating actions in support of those plans, creative problem solving, language, production, and hosts our personalities
  • controls supressing emotional responses when they are inappropriate for the context
  • contains primary motor cortex (controls voluntary movements)
88
Q
  • executive control centre of the brain
  • source of planning initiating actions in support of those plans, creative problem solving, language, production, and hosts our personalities
  • controls supressing emotional responses when they are inappropriate for the context
  • contains primary motor cortex (controls voluntary movements)
A

Frontal lobes

89
Q

Corpus callosum

A

fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres

90
Q

fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

91
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

brains capacity to change its structure as a consequence of experience and learning

92
Q

brains capacity to change its structure as a consequence of experience and learning

A

Neuroplasticity

93
Q

nieroscientific methods

A 
Lesioning
trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (tms) 
Structural neuroimaging 
Computerized tomography (CT) scan 
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI
94
Q 
Lesioning
trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (tms) 
Structural neuroimaging 
Computerized tomography (CT) scan 
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI
A

nieroscientific methods

95
Q

Lesioning

A

causing brain damage in non-human animals and then measuring what effect the damage has on their behavior

96
Q

causing brain damage in non-human animals and then measuring what effect the damage has on their behavior

A

Lesioning

97
Q

-trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (tms)

A

directing a magnetic pulse at an area of a person’s brain and seeing what affect that has on their mental functions

98
Q

directing a magnetic pulse at an area of a person’s brain and seeing what affect that has on their mental functions

A

-trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (tms)

99
Q

Structural neuroimaging

A

non-invasive technologies that provide information about the state of a brain structures

100
Q

non-invasive technologies that provide information about the state of a brain structures

A

Structural neuroimaging

101
Q

Computerized tomography (CT) scan

A

a set of xrays are taken of the brain by rotating a tube around the persons head

102
Q

a set of xrays are taken of the brain by rotating a tube around the persons head

A

Computerized tomography (CT) scan

103
Q

Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • a machine generates a magnetic field that brings hydrogen molecules in our brain into alignment – radio waves then get sent through the skull to disrupt this alignment
  • when radio waves are turned off, energy is absorbed from the radio waves released when the hydrogen molecules become aligned by the magnetic field again
  • different types of brain matter and the ventricles release different amounts of energy and alignment occurs at different speeds for different types of brain matter
  • computers then use this info to create a quite detailed image of the interior structure of the brain
104
Q
  • a machine generates a magnetic field that brings hydrogen molecules in our brain into alignment – radio waves then get sent through the skull to disrupt this alignment
  • when radio waves are turned off, energy is absorbed from the radio waves released when the hydrogen molecules become aligned by the magnetic field again
  • different types of brain matter and the ventricles release different amounts of energy and alignment occurs at different speeds for different types of brain matter
  • computers then use this info to create a quite detailed image of the interior structure of the brain
A

Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)

Psychology midterm 1 (10 decks)

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