Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to Human Biology > Chapter 3- Cells & Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cells & Tissues Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the Generalised Cell

A

Nucleus- usually located near the centre of the cell
Cytoplasm- surrounds the nucleus in it’s semifluid
Plasma Membrane- encloses the cytoplasm & forms the outer cell boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Cells are made up of what elements

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Oxygen
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is DNA/ Genetic Material held in a cell

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

It is necessary for cell reproduction, it contains instructions for building the whole body

A cell that has lost or ejected it’s nucleus is programmed only to die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Nucleus

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Nucleoli
  3. Chromatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope

A

It is the double membrane barrier that bounds the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is between the 2 membranes of the nuclear envelope

A

A fluid filled moat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define: Nucleoli

A

One or more small, dark staining, essentially round bodies contained in the nucleus

Nucleoli are sites where cell structures called RIBOSOMES are assembled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define: Chromatin

A

A loose network of bumpy threads scattered throughout the nucleus, formed when DNA is combined with protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define: Plasma Membrane

A

is a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Plasma Membrane:

Structure

A

Double phospholipid layer:
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

Contains: proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of the Plasma Membrane

A

Communication between cells
Forms cell junctions for tissues
Provides cell identification
Regulates transport of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 types of Membrane Junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Tight Junctions

A
  • Impermeable junctions that encircle cells and

* Binds cells together into leakproof sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gap Junctions: function

A

They allow communication between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define: Cytoplasm

A

Is the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

-It is the site of most cellular activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 main elements of Cytoplasm

A
  1. Cytosol
  2. Organelles
  3. Inclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define: Cytosol

A

Is the semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define: Organelles

A

Are the metabolic machinery of the cell

Each type of organelle is specialised to carry out a specific function for the cell as a whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define: Inclusions

A

Are the chemical substances- Most inclusions are stored nutrients or cell products

such as lipid droplets (common in fat cells), pigments (melanin in skin & hair cells) etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 2 major Gland Types

A

Endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define: Vesicular Transport

A

Involves the help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 types of Vesicular Transport

A
  1. Exocytosis- moves substances out of the cell

2. Endocytosis- moves substances into the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define: Tissues

A

A groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

4 Primary Tissue Types

A
  1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define: Epithelial tissue

A

Is the covering, lining and glandular tissue of the body. (skin)
Glandular tissue forms various glands in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Function of Epithelial tissue

A

Protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, excretion and sensory reception

28
Q

Name some characteristics of Epithelial tissue

A
  • Cells fit closely together and often form sheets
  • The apical surface is the free surface (top)
  • Lower surface rests on a basement membrane
29
Q

Epithelial tissue: 2 cell layer names (indicating the number of cell layers)

A

Simple- one layer of cells

Stratified- more than one layer of cells

30
Q

Classifying Epithelium involves 2 sets of names. What does the first and second name indicate

A

First Name- indicates relative number of cell layers it has

Second Name- describes the shape of its cells

31
Q

What are the shapes of Epithelial tissue

A

Squamous- flattened
Cuboidal- cube shaped
Columnar- column like

32
Q

Define: Pseudo

A

False

33
Q

Name all Epithelial tissue type

A

Simple squamous Stratified squamous
Simple cuboidal Stratified cuboidal
Simple columnar Stratified columnar

Pseudo Stratified Transitional

34
Q

Explain: Simple squamous

A

Simple layer of flat cells

Location:

  • lines body cavities
  • lines lungs & capillaries

Function:
- diffusion, filtration or secretion

35
Q

Explain: Simple cuboidal

A

Single layer of cube like cells

Locations

  • common glands & their ducts
  • forms walls of kidney tubules
  • covers the ovaries

Functions
- secretion & absorption, reproductive cells

36
Q

Explain: Pseudo Stratified columnar

A

Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
-Looks like a double layer of cells but all cells rest on the basement membrane

Location:
- respiratory tract

Function:
- absorption & secretion

37
Q

Define: Connective tissue

A

Connects the body parts

It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types

38
Q

What is the Function of Connective tissue

A

Primarily involved in protecting, supporting and binding together other body tissues

39
Q

What are the 2 Characteristics of Connective tissue

A
  1. Variations in Blood Supply- most connective tissue is well vascularised (they have a good blood supply)
  2. Extracellular Matrix- non living, ground substance plus fibres produced and secreted by the cells
40
Q

What are the 5 types of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Dense Connective tissue
  4. Loose Connective tissue
  5. Blood
41
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Bone cells

42
Q

Connective Tissue:

What is Bone composed of

A

Osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae (pits)

43
Q

What is the major cell type for Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

44
Q

Define: Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells

45
Q

What cartilage type is the most widespread

A

Hyaline Cartilage

46
Q

Define: Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Has abundant collagen fibres
  • Forms the supporting structures of the larynx, attaches the ribs to the breastbone and covers the end of bones, where they form joints
47
Q

Other than hyaline cartilage, what are the other 2 types of Cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

48
Q

Define: Fibrocatilage

A

Highly compressible, forms the cushion like disks between the vertebrae

49
Q

Define: Elastic Cartilage

A

Is found in structures with elasticity

eg. supports the external ear

50
Q

What is the substance found between the disks of the vertebrae

A

Fibrocartilage

51
Q

Define: Dense Connective tissue

A

Forms strong, rope like structure. such as tendons & ligaments

52
Q

Function of Tendons

A

Attaches skeletal muscles to bones

53
Q

Function of Ligaments

A

Connects bones to bones at joints

Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibres than tendons

54
Q

Define: Loose Connective tissue

A

Are softer and have more cells and fewer fibres than any other connective tissue type except blodd

55
Q

Why is blood considered a Connective Tissue

A

(Vascular Tissue)

Because it consists of blood cells, surrounded by a non living, fluid matrix called blood plasma

56
Q

Define: Vascular Tissue

A

Blood

57
Q

Define: Muscle Tissue

A

They’re highly specialise to contract to produce movement

58
Q

How many types of Muscle Tissue are there

A

3

59
Q

Name the 3 types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal- attached to bone
Cardiac- forms the heart
Smooth- in the walls of hollow organs

60
Q

Define: Nervous Tissue

A

Is composed of irritable cells called neurons, which are highly specialised to receive and transmit nerve impulses

61
Q

Name the 2 ways Tissue Repair occurs

A

Regeneration- the injured tissue is replaced by the same type of cells

Fibrosis- the wound is repaired by dense fibrous connective tissue, which is the formation of scar tissue

62
Q

Define: Cell

A

Cells are the structural units of all living things

63
Q

Where can you find Simple Squamous epithelium?

A

Lungs

64
Q

Where can you find Simple Cuboidal epithelium?

A

Kidney tubules

65
Q

Where can you find Simple Columnar epithelium?

A

small intestines

66
Q

Where can you find PseudoStratified Columnar epithelium?

A

Trachea

67
Q

Where can you find Stratified Squamous epithelium?

A

Oesophagus

68
Q

Where can you find Transitional epithelium?

A

Lining of the Bladder

Introduction to Human Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions