Chapter 1- Human Body Orientation Flashcards
Define Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of structure
Define Physiology
Physiology is the study of how a structure functions/works
What are the 6 levels of Structural Organisation
- Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organismal level
What is an organ system
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
How many organ systems are there
11
Name all the organ systems
Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system
Define: the Integumentary System
Is the external covering of the body.
Describe the Endocrine System and it’s function
It controls body activities. Endocrine glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use by body cells
Describe the function of the Urinary System
It removes nitrogen containing wastes (urea & uric acid) from the blood and flushes them from the body (urine).
Describe the function of the Reproductive System, Male & Female
To produce offspring. Male Duct System- carries sperm outside the body Female Duct System- carries the egg/ova to the uterus for development of a fetus. Mammary glands produce breast milk for babies
Describe Homeostasis
Is the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
What is the anatomical position
The body is erect with the feet parallel, the arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
What are Directional Terms
They allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
Directional Term: Superior (Cranial)
Above something else, toward the head
Directional Term: Inferior (Caudal)
Below something else, toward the tail
Directional Term: Ventral (anterior)
Toward the front of the body or structure
Directional Term: Dorsal (posterior)
Toward the rear or back of the body structure
Directional Term: Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Directional Term: Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Directional Term: Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
Directional Term: Distal
Farther from the point of attachment
Directional Term: Superficial (external)
At or close to the body surface
Directional Term: Deep (internal)
Below or away from the body surface
What are Regional Terms
Visible landmarks on the body surface, used to specifically refer to a body part or area
What are the 2 main body cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Dorsal Body Cavity, and what organs do they hold
The Cranial Cavity- is the space inside the bony skull. Contains the brain The Spinal Cavity- extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column. Contains the spinal cord
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity, and what organs are found there
The (superior) Thoracic Cavity- extends to the diaphragm. Contains the heart and lungs, which are somewhat protected by the rib cage The (inferior) Abdominopelvic Cavity- the upper abdominal cavity is only protect by trunk muscles. Contains the stomach, liver, intestines and some other organs The lower abdominal cavity (pelvic) is somewhat protected by the bony pelvis. Contains the reproductive organs, bladder and rectum Contains
What are the several other body cavities
Nasal Orbital Middle Ear
What makes up the Integumentary System
Skin
What makes up the Muscular System
Skeletal Muscles
What makes up the Nervous System
Brain Sensory Receptor (eyes) Spinal Cord Nerves
What makes up the Endocrine System
Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Testes (male) Ovary (female)
What makes up the Cardiovascular System
Heart Blood Vessels
What makes up the Lymphatic System
Thoracic duct Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels
What makes up the Digestive System
Oral cavity Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus
What makes up the Urinary System
Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra
What makes up the Male reproductive system
Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Penis Vas deferens Testis Scrotum
What makes up the Female reproductive system
Mammary glands Uterine tubes Ovaries Uterus Vagina
Function of: the Integumentary System
It waterproofs the body and cushions & protects the deeper tissues
