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psychobiology > Chapter 3 - Cells Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Of The Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Neuron

A

A cell of the nervous system that is specialized for information processing and communication

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1
Q

Action potential

A

The nerve impulse arising in a axon

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2
Q

Glia

A

Cells in the nervous system that support the activities of neurons

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3
Q

Organelle

A

A small structure within a cell that carries out a specific function

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4
Q

Cell body / soma

A

The main mass of a neuron, containing the nucleus and many organelles

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5
Q

Axon

A

The branch of a neuron usually responsible for carrying signals to other neurons

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

The branch of a neuron that generally receives information from other neurons

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7
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

The fluid inside a cell

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8
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

The fluid surrounding a cell

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9
Q

Permeability

A

A property of a substance that determines the extent to which other substances pass through it

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10
Q

Ion channel

A

A protein structure embedded in a cell membrane that allows ions to pass through it without the use of additional energy

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11
Q

Ion pump

A

A protein structure embedded in a cell membrane that uses energy to move ions across the membrane

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12
Q

Ion

A

A electrically charged particle in solution

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13
Q

Voltage-dependent channel

A

An ion channel that opens or closes in response to the local electrical environment

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14
Q

Ligand-gated channel

A

An ion channel in the neural membrane that responds to chemical messengers

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15
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

An ion pump that uses energy to transfer three sodium ions to the Extracellular fluid for every two potassium ions retrieved from the Extracellular fluid

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16
Q

Calcium pump

A

A protein structure embedded in the neural membrane that uses energy to move the calcium ions out of the cell

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical messenger that transfers information across s synapse

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of filaments that provides the internal structure of a neuron

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19
Q

Microtubule

A

The largest fiber in the cell cytoskeleton, responsible for the transport of neurotransmitters and other products to and from the cell body

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20
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Movement of materials from the cell body of a neuron to the axon terminal along the Microtubules

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21
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Movement of material from the axon terminal back to the cell body via the cells system of Microtubules

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22
Q

Tau phosphorylation

A

Molecules of phosphate added to the tau protein lead to neurofibrillary tangles and structural collapse

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23
Q

Neurofilament

A

A neural fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton that is responsible for structural support

24
Q

Microfilament

A

The smallest fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton that may participate in the changing of length and shape of axons and dendrites

25
Q

Nucleus

A

The substructure within a cell body that contains the cells DNA

26
Q

Nucleolus

A

A substructure within a cell Nucleus where ribosomes are produced

27
Q

Ribosome

A

An organelle in the cell body involved with protein synthesis

28
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

An organelle in the cell body that participates in protein synthesis

29
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

An organelle in the cell body that packages proteins in vesicles

30
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that provide energy to the cell by transforming pyruvic acid and oxygen into molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

31
Q

Synaptic gap

A

The tiny fluid filled space between neurons forming a synapse

32
Q

Dendritic spine

A

A knob on the dendrite that provides additional membrane area for the formation of synapses with other neurons

33
Q

Axon hillock

A

The cone-shaped segment of axon located at the junction of the axon and cell body that is specialized for the generation of axon potentials

34
Q

Myelin

A

The fatty insulating material covering some axons that boosts the speed and efficiency of electrical signaling

35
Q

Local circuit neuron

A

A neuron that communicates with neurons in its immediate vicinity

36
Q

Projection neuron

A

A neuron with a very long axon that communicates with neurons in distant areas of the nervous system

37
Q

Collateral

A

One of the branches near the end of the axon closest to its targets

38
Q

Axon terminal

A

The swelling at the tip of an axon collateral specialized for the release of neuro transmitter substances

39
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

A small structure in the axon terminal that contains neurotransmitters

40
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

The uncovered section of axon membrane between two adjacent segments of myelin

41
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one branch that extends a short distance from the cell body then splits into two branches

42
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

A axon with two branches; one axon and one dendrite

43
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

A neuron that has multiple branches, usually one axon and numerous dendrites

44
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A specialized neuron that translates incoming sensory information into electrical signals

45
Q

Motor neuron

A

A specialized neuron that communicates with muscles and glands

46
Q

Inter neuron

A

A neuron that serves as a bridge between sensory and motor neurons

47
Q

Macro glia

A

Large glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann Cells

48
Q

Microglia

A

Tiny, mobile glial cells that migrate to areas of damage and digest debris

49
Q

Astrocyte

A

A large, star shaped glial cell of the central nervous system, responsible for structural support, isolation of the synapse, control of the Extracellular chemical environment at the synapse, and possible communication

50
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

A glial cell that forms the myelin on central nervous system axons

51
Q

Schwann Cell

A

A glial cell that forms the myelin on axons in the peripheral nervous system

52
Q

Resting potential

A

The measurement of the electrical charge across the neural membrane when the cell is not processing information

53
Q

Diffusion

A

The force that moves molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

54
Q

Concentration gradient

A

An unequal distribution in the concentration of molecules across a cell membrane

55
Q

Electrical force

A

The force that moves molecules with like electrical charges apart and those with opposite electrical charges together

56
Q

Depolarization

A

The movement of an electrical charge within a cell in a more positive direction

57
Q

Threshold

A

The level id depolarization at which an action potential is initiated

psychobiology (11 decks)

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