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psychobiology > Chapter 2 - Anatomy & Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Anatomy & Evolution Flashcards

0
Q

Caudal / posterior

A

A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four legged animal

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1
Q

Rostral / Anterior

A

A directional term meaning toward the head of a four legged animal

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2
Q

Inferior / ventral

A

A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four legged animal

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3
Q

Superior / dorsal

A

A directional term meaning toward the back of a four legged animal

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4
Q

Neuraxis

A

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

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5
Q

Midline

A

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves

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6
Q

Ipsilateral

A

A directional term referring to structures on the same side as the midline

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7
Q

Contralateral

A

A directional term referring to structures on opposite sides of the midline

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8
Q

Medial

A

A directional term meaning toward the midline

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9
Q

Lateral

A

A directional term meaning away from the midline

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10
Q

Proximal

A

A directional term that means closer to the centre; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal

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11
Q

Distal

A

A directional term meaning farther away from another structure usually in reference to the limbs

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12
Q

Coronal section

A

An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face also known as frontal section

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13
Q

Sagittal section (SAN-hi-tuhl)

A

An anatomical section that is parallel to the midline

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14
Q

Midsagittal section

A

A Sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves

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15
Q

Horizontal/ axial section (AX-ee-uhl)

A

An anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom

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16
Q

Meninges

A

The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves

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17
Q

Dura mater

A

The outermost of the three layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems

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18
Q

Arachnoid layer

A

The middle layer of meninges covering the central nervous system

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19
Q

Pia mater

A

The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems

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20
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges in the central nervous system

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21
Q

Meningitis

A

An infection of the meninges

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22
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

The special plasmalike fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space

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23
Q

Ventricle

A

One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

Choroid plexus

A

The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

Central canal

A

The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

Carotid artery

A

One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain

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27
Q

Vertebral artery

A

One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull

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28
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body

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30
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumber vertebra

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31
Q

Vertebral column

A

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord

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32
Q

Cervical nerve

A

One of the first eight spinal nerves that serve the area of the head neck and arms

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33
Q

Thoracic nerve

A

One of the twelve pairs of spinal nerves that serve the torso

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34
Q

Lumbar nerve

A

One of the five spinal nerves serving the lower back and legs

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35
Q

Sacral nerve

A

One of the five spinal nerves that serve the backs of the legs and genitals

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36
Q

Coccygeal nerve

A

The most caudal of the spinal nerves

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37
Q

White matter

A

An area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons

38
Q

Gray matter

A

An area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies

39
Q

Dorsal horns

A

Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons

40
Q

Ventral horns

A

Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons

41
Q

Reflex

A

An involuntary action or response

42
Q

Patellar reflex

A

The knee jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces s reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh causing the foot to kick

43
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

A spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from the source of pain

44
Q

Hindbrain

A

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons and cerebellum

45
Q

Midbrain

A

The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain

46
Q

Forebrain

A

The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon

47
Q

Brain stem

A

The lower two thirds of the brain, including the hindbrain and midbrain

48
Q

Myelencephalon / medulla

A

The most caudal part of the hindbrain

49
Q

Metencephalon

A

The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum

50
Q

Nuclei

A

Collections of cell bodies that share a function

51
Q

Reticular formation

A

A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up to the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal

52
Q

Pons

A

A structure located in the Metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain; part of the brainstem located in the hindbrain

53
Q

Cerebellum

A

A structure located in the Metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans

54
Q

Cochlear nucleus

A

A nucleus found in the pons that received information about sound from the inner ear

55
Q

Vestibular nucleus

A

A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear

56
Q

Raphe nuclei

A

Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal

57
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

A structure in the pons that participates in arousal

58
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Another term for midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain

59
Q

Tectum

A

The “roof”, or dorsal half of the midbrain

60
Q

Tegmentum

A

The “covering” or ventral half of the midbrain

61
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles

62
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain

63
Q

Red nucleus

A

A structure located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and cerebellum

64
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain

65
Q

Superior colliculi

A

A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinate visually guided movements and visual reflexes

66
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that process auditory information

67
Q

Diencephalon

A

A division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus

68
Q

Telencephalon

A

The division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemispheres

69
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

One of the two large, globular structures that make up the telencephalon of the forebrain

70
Q

Thalamus

A

A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory

71
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system

72
Q

Pituitary gland

A

A gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones

73
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement

74
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

One of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

75
Q

Putamen

A

One of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia

76
Q

Globus pallidus

A

One of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia

77
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

A small nucleus, located ventral to the thalamus that is part of the basal ganglia

78
Q

Limbic system

A

A collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behaviour and learning

79
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with the formation of long term declarative memories; part of the limbic system

80
Q

Amygdala

A

An almond shaped structure in the rostral temporal lobes that is part of the limbic system

81
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

A segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus callosum that is part of the limbic system

82
Q

Septal area

A

An area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus that is often included as part of the limbic system

83
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

A structure extending from the ventral surface of the brain that processes the sense of smell; part of the limbic system

84
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus

A

A fold of tissue near the hippocampus that is often included in the limbic system

85
Q

Mammillary body

A

One of two bumps on the ventral surface of the brain that participate in memory and are included in the limbic system

86
Q

Fornix

A

A fiber pathway connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies that is often included in the limbic system

87
Q

Gyrus/gyri

A

One of the “hills” on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex

88
Q

Sulcus/sulci

A

A “valley”in the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex

89
Q

Fissure

A

A large sulcus

90
Q

Granule cell

A

A small type of cell found in layers II and IV of the cerebral cortex

91
Q

Pyramidal cell

A

A large triangular cell found in layers III and V of the cerebral cortex

92
Q

Loves

A

One of the four lines of the brain

psychobiology (11 decks)

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