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Biology 22 > Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main regions of all cell structures?

A

Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane

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2
Q

•Control center of the cell
–Contains genetic material (DNA)

A

nucleus

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3
Q

What are the 3 regions of the nucelus?

A
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4
Q

Identify and find:

Nuclear envelop chromatin nucleolus nuclear pores rough ER nucleus

A
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5
Q

–Barrier of the nucleus
–Consists of a double membrane
–Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

A

nucelar envelope (membrane)

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6
Q

•Nucleoli
–

A

Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
–Sites of ribosome assembly
–Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

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7
Q

•Chromatin

A

–Composed of DNA and protein
–Present when the cell is not dividing
–Scattered throughout the nucleus
–Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A

•Barrier for cell contents
•Double phospholipid layer
–Hydrophilic heads
–Hydrophobic tails
•Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

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9
Q

3 types of membrane junctions

A

–Tight junctions
–Desmosomes
–Gap junctions

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10
Q

–Tight junctions

A
  • Impermeable junctions
  • Bind cells together into leakproof sheets
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11
Q

–Desmosomes

A

•Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

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12
Q

–Gap junctions

A

•Allow communication between cells

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13
Q

3 major elements of cytoplasm

A

–Cytosol

–Organelles

–Inclusions

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14
Q

–Cytosol

A

•Fluid that suspends other elements in a cell

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15
Q

–Organelles

A
  • Metabolic machinery of the cell
  • “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell
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16
Q

–Inclusions

A

•Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

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17
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum cytosol lysosome mitochondrion centrioles microtubule intermediate filaments peroxisome nucleus chromatin nucleus

nuclear envelope plasma membrane rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes

golgi apparatus secretion being released from cell by exocytosis

A
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18
Q

•Mitochondria

A

–“Powerhouses” of the cell
–Change shape continuously
–Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
–Provides ATP for cellular energy

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19
Q

•Ribosomes

A

–Made of protein and RNA
–Sites of protein synthesis
–Found at two locations
•Free in the cytoplasm
•As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

•Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

–Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

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21
Q

•Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

–Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
–Studded with ribosomes
–Synthesizes proteins

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22
Q

•Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

–Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

–Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

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23
Q

•Golgi apparatus

A

–Modifies and packages proteins
–Produces different types of packages
• Secretory vesicles
• Cell membrane components
• Lysosomes

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24
Q

•Lysosomes

A

–Contain enzymes produced by ribosomes
–Packaged by the Golgi apparatus
–Digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell

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25
Q

•Peroxisomes

A

–Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
• Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
–Replicate by pinching in half

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26
Q

•Cytoskeleton

A

–Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
–Provides the cell with an internal framework
–Three different types of elements
• Microfilaments (largest)
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules (smallest)

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

•Centrioles

A

–Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
–Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

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29
Q

–Cilia

A

moves materials across the cell surface
•Located in the respiratory system to move mucus
built out of centriolles

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30
Q

–Flagella

A

propel the cell
•The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm

built out of centriolles

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31
Q

–Microvilli

A

tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
•Increase surface area for absorption

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32
Q

What’s different about red blood cells?

A

they have no nucleus or organelles

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33
Q

A neuron has no centrioles.

True or false?

A

true

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34
Q

skeletal muscle cells have few mitochondria, and many nuclei.

True or Fasle

A

False. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucelated and have large numbers of mitochondria.

35
Q

Cardia muscle has striated discs.

True or false?

A

Fasle. Cardia muscle has intercalated discs

36
Q

sperm have flagella

true or false?

A

true

37
Q

neutrophils/macrophages have large numbers of lysosomes

true or false?

A

true

38
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar have cilia

true or false?

A

true

39
Q

adipose cells store carbohydrates

true or false?

A

False. adipose cells store lipids.

40
Q

•Diffusion

A

–Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
–Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

41
Q

–Osmosis

A

—simple diffusion of water
•Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins

42
Q

•Facilitated diffusion

A
  • Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
  • Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances
43
Q

•Active transport (solute pumping)

A

Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called solute pumps
–ATP energizes protein carriers
–In most cases, substances are moved against concentration gradients

44
Q

•Vesicular transport
–Exocytosis

A

Moves materials out of the cell
•Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
•Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
•Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
•Material is emptied to the outside

45
Q

•Vesicular transport
–Endocytosis

A

•Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle
–Types of endocytosis
•Phagocytosis—“cell eating”
•Pinocytosis—“cell drinking”

46
Q

Stages of Mitosis: Prophase

A

–First part of cell division
–Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers
–DNA appears as double-stranded chromosomes
–Nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears

47
Q

Stages of Mitosis: Metaphase

A

–Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate

48
Q

Stages of Mitosis: Anaphase

A

–Chromosomes are pulled apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell
–Cell begins to elongate

49
Q

Stages of Mitosis: Telophase

A

–Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin
–Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin
–Spindles break down and disappear

50
Q

cytokinesis

A

–Begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase
–A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts

51
Q
A
52
Q

•Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

–Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein

53
Q

•Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

–Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

54
Q

•Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

–Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

55
Q

•Transcription

A

–Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
–Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons
occurs in nucleus where DNA is transcribe to mRNA

56
Q

•Translation

A

–Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
–Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
occurs in cytoplasm where mRNA is used to make proteins

57
Q

Name the 4 primary types of tissue

A

•Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
•Connective tissue
•Muscle tissue
•Nervous tissue
•

58
Q

Epithelial Tissues: Locations

A

–Body coverings
–Body linings
–Glandular tissue

59
Q

Epithelial Tissues: Functions

A

–Protection
–Absorption
–Filtration
–Secretion

60
Q

Epithelium Characteristics

A
  • Cells fit closely together and often form sheets
  • The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue
  • The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane
  • Avascular (no blood supply)
  • Regenerate easily if well nourished
61
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

Simple or stratified

AND

Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

62
Q
A

•Simple squamous
–Single layer of flat cells
–Location - usually forms membranes
•Lines body cavities
•Lines lungs and capillaries
–Functions in diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes

63
Q
A

•Simple cuboidal
–Single layer of cube-like cells
–Locations
•Common in glands and their ducts
•Forms walls of kidney tubules
•Covers the ovaries
–Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells
–

64
Q
A

•Simple columnar
–Single layer of tall cells
–Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells
–Location - lines digestive tract
–Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

65
Q
A

•Pseudostratified columnar
–Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
–Often looks like a double layer of cells but all cells rest on the basement membrane
–Location - respiratory tract, where it is ciliated
–Functions in absorption or secretion

66
Q
A

•Stratified squamous
–Cells at the apical surface are flattened
–Functions as a protective covering where friction is common
–Locations - lining of the Skin, Mouth & Esophagus

67
Q
A

•Transitional epithelium
–Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium
–Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
–Functions in stretching and the ability to return to normal shape
–Location - lines organs of the urinary system

68
Q

List 3 connective tissue functionings

A

–Binds body tissues together
–Supports the body
–Provides protection

69
Q
A

•Bone (osseous tissue)
–Composed of
•Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
•Hard matrix of calcium salts
•Large numbers of collagen fibers
–Functions to protect and support the body

70
Q
A

•Hyaline cartilage
–Most common type of cartilage
–Composed of
•Abundant collagen fibers
•Rubbery matrix
–Locations
•Larynx
•Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
–Functions as a more flexible skeletal element than bone

71
Q
A

•Elastic cartilage
–Provides elasticity
–Location
•Supports the external ear
•Fibrocartilage
–Highly compressible
–Location
•Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

72
Q
A

•Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
–Main matrix element is collagen fiber
–Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
–Locations
•Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone
•Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints
•Dermis—lower layers of the skin

73
Q
A

•Loose connective tissue types
–Areolar tissue
•Most widely distributed connective tissue
•Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs”
•Functions as a packing tissue
•Contains all fiber types
•Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

74
Q
A

•Loose connective tissue types
–Adipose tissue
•Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
•Many cells contain large lipid deposits
•Functions
–Insulates the body
–Protects some organs
–Serves as a site of fuel storage

75
Q
A

•Loose connective tissue types
–Reticular connective tissue
•Delicate network of interwoven fibers
•Locations
–Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
»Lymph nodes
»Spleen
»Bone marrow

76
Q
A

•Blood (vascular tissue)
–Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma
–Fibers are visible during clotting
–Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

77
Q
A

•Skeletal muscle
–Under voluntary control
–Contracts to pull on bones or skin
–Produces gross body movements or facial expressions
–Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells
•Striated
•Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
•Long, cylindrical cells

78
Q
A

•Cardiac muscle
–Under involuntary control
–Found only in the heart
–Function is to pump blood
–Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
•Striated
•One nucleus per cell
•Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks

79
Q
A

•Smooth muscle
–Under involuntary muscle
–Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
–Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
•No visible striations
•One nucleus per cell
•Spindle-shaped cells

80
Q
A

•Composed of neurons and nerve support cells
•Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body
–Irritability
–Conductivity
•Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons

81
Q

exocytosis

A

the process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior thru fusion of teh vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

82
Q

endocytosis

A

the taking in of matter by a living cell by the invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole

83
Q

phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

84
Q
A

Biology 22 (11 decks)

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